Journal Article

Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults

Ford, Cassie, Green, Michael D., Dhingra, Radha, Navar, Ann Marie, Dupre, Matthew E., Lynch, Scott M., Peterson, Eric D., Xu, Hanzhang, Xian, Ying, Yang, Qing

2025

Overview

Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are well-documented. However, racial and ethnic differences in the longitudinal changes among multiple CVD risk factors are unknown. We used prospective cohort data of U.S. adults aged ≥50 in the 2006-2016 Health and Retirement Study. Group-based multi-trajectory models characterized age-related trajectories of systolic blood pressure ([BP] mmHg), non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), diabetes mellitus (DM), and smoking. Racial and ethnic differences in the multi-trajectory profiles were examined using multinomial logistic regression. Karlson-Holm-Breen methods were used to assess factors contributing to these associations. Among 10,292 participants (median age: 61), approximately 32% had an overall favorable profile of CVD risk factors. Compared with non-Hispanic White adults, non-Hispanic Black adults were more likely to exhibit elevated systolic BP with high risks of DM (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 3.36; 95% CI, 2.69-4.21; P < .001) and with low risks of DM (RRR = 3.23; 95% CI, 2.38-4.38; P < .001). Non-Hispanic Black adults were also more likely to exhibit high rates of smoking with and without other co-occurring risk factors. Hispanic adults were most likely to exhibit high risks of DM with elevated systolic BP (RRR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.28-2.38; P < .001) and without elevated systolic BP (RRR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.50-2.40; P < .001). Education, income, and country-of-origin were significantly associated with the excess CVD risks observed among racial and ethnic minority groups. Significant racial and ethnic disparities were observed in trajectories of CVD risk factors in U.S. adults. Social determinants largely contributed to these associations in non-Hispanic Black adults and Hispanic adults.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Aged / Black or African American / Blood Pressure / Cardiovascular diseases / Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology / Cardiovascular Diseases - ethnology / Demographic aspects / Diabetes Mellitus - epidemiology / Ethnicity / Female / Health aspects / Health Status Disparities / Heart Disease Risk Factors / Hispanic or Latino / Humans / Longitudinal Studies / Male / Middle Aged / Middle aged persons / Prospective Studies / Race / Risk Factors / Smoking / Statistics / United States - epidemiology / White