Journal Article

Prognostic implications of p16 and HPV discordance in oropharyngeal cancer (HNCIG-EPIC-OPC): a multicentre, multinational, individual patient data analysis

Grønhøj, Christian, Prof, von Buchwald, Christian, Prof, Morey, Francisca, BSc, Klussmann, Jens Peter, Prof, Rasmussen, Jacob Høygaard, PhD, Bruni, Laia, PhD, Hoffmann, Markus, Prof, Wuerdemann, Nora, MD, Batis, Nikolaos, PhD, Quabius, Elgar Susanne, MD, James, Jaqueline A, Prof, Wagner, Steffen, Dr. rer. nat, Mirghani, Haïtham, Prof, Mehanna, Hisham, Prof, Baatenburg de Jong, Robert J, Prof, Schache, Andrew, PhD, Leemans, C René, Prof, Brooks, Jill, PhD, Tous, Sara, BSc, Mena, Marisa, PhD, Broglie, Martina A, MD, Garset-Zamani, Martin, MD, Dalianis, Tina, Prof, Alemany, Laia, PhD, Marklund, Linda, Prof, Nankivell, Paul, PhD, Brakenhoff, Ruud H, Prof, Huang, Shao Hui, Prof, Taberna, Miren, PhD, O'Sullivan, Brian, Prof

2023

Overview

SummaryBackgroundp16 INK4a (p16) immunohistochemistry is the most widely used biomarker assay for inferring HPV causation in oropharyngeal cancer in clinical and trial settings. However, discordance exists between p16 and HPV DNA or RNA status in some patients with oropharyngeal cancer. We aimed to clearly quantify the extent of discordance, and its prognostic implications. MethodsIn this multicentre, multinational individual patient data analysis, we did a literature search in PubMed and Cochrane database for systematic reviews and original studies published in English between Jan 1, 1970, and Sept 30, 2022. We included retrospective series and prospective cohorts of consecutively recruited patients previously analysed in individual studies with minimum cohort size of 100 patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Patient inclusion criteria were diagnosis with a primary squamous cell carcinoma of oropharyngeal cancer; data on p16 immunohistochemistry and on HPV testing; information on age, sex, tobacco, and alcohol use; staging by TNM 7th edition; information on treatments received; and data on clinical outcomes and follow-up (date of last follow-up if alive, date of recurrence or metastasis, and date and cause of death). There were no limits on age or performance status. The primary outcomes were the proportion of patients of the overall cohort who showed the different p16 and HPV result combinations, as well as 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival. Patients with recurrent or metastatic disease or who were treated palliatively were excluded from overall survival and disease-free survival analyses. Multivariable analysis models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for different p16 and HPV testing methods for overall survival, adjusted for prespecified confounding factors. FindingsOur search returned 13 eligible studies that provided individual data for 13 cohorts of patients with oropharyngeal cancer from the UK, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Spain. 7895 patients with oropharyngeal cancer were assessed for eligibility. 241 were excluded before analysis, and 7654 were eligible for p16 and HPV analysis. 5714 (74·7%) of 7654 patients were male and 1940 (25·3%) were female. Ethnicity data were not reported. 3805 patients were p16-positive, 415 (10·9%) of whom were HPV-negative. This proportion differed significantly by geographical region and was highest in the areas with lowest HPV-attributable fractions ( r=–0·744, p=0·0035). The proportion of patients with p16+/HPV– oropharyngeal cancer was highest in subsites outside the tonsil and base of tongue (29·7% vs 9·0%, p<0·0001). 5-year overall survival was 81·1% (95% CI 79·5–82·7) for p16+/HPV+, 40·4% (38·6–42·4) for p16–/HPV–, 53·2% (46·6–60·8) for p16–/HPV+, and 54·7% (49·2–60·9) for p16+/HPV–. 5-year disease-free survival was 84·3% (95% CI 82·9–85·7) for p16+/HPV+, 60·8% (58·8–62·9) for p16–/HPV–; 71·1% (64·7–78·2) for p16–/HPV+, and 67·9% (62·5–73·7) for p16+/HPV–. Results were similar across all European sub-regions, but there were insufficient numbers of discordant patients from North America to draw conclusions in this cohort. InterpretationPatients with discordant oropharyngeal cancer (p16–/HPV+ or p16+/HPV–) had a significantly worse prognosis than patients with p16+/HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer, and a significantly better prognosis than patients with p16–/HPV– oropharyngeal cancer. Along with routine p16 immunohistochemistry, HPV testing should be mandated for clinical trials for all patients (or at least following a positive p16 test), and is recommended where HPV status might influence patient care, especially in areas with low HPV-attributable fractions. FundingEuropean Regional Development Fund, Generalitat de Catalunya, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) UK, Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council UK, and The Swedish Cancer Foundation and the Stockholm Cancer Society.

• Publisher: Elsevier Ltd,Elsevier Limited
• Subject: Biomarkers / Cancer research / Cancer therapies / Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - pathology / Clinical trials / Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 - metabolism / Data analysis / Discordance / Female / Head & neck cancer / Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Medicine / Human papillomavirus / Humans / Immunohistochemistry / INK4a protein / Male / Medical prognosis / Medical research / Metastases / Oropharyngeal cancer / Oropharyngeal Neoplasms - pathology / Oropharynx / p16 Protein / Papillomaviridae - genetics / Papillomavirus Infections / Patients / Prognosis / Prospective Studies / Proteins / Retrospective Studies / Squamous cell carcinoma / Systematic Reviews as Topic / Throat cancer / Tonsil / Tumors