Journal Article

Modeling relationships between iron status, behavior, and brain electrophysiology: evidence from a randomized study involving a biofortified grain in Indian adolescents

Murray Kolb, Laura E., Wenger, Michael J., Boy, Erick, Scott, Samuel P., Haas, Jere D.

2022

Overview

Background Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are highly-prevalent nutrient deficiencies and have been shown to have a range of negative effects on cognition and brain function. Human intervention studies including measures at three levels—blood, brain, and behavior—are rare and our objective was to model the relationships among measures at these three levels in school-going Indian adolescents. Methods Male and female adolescents in rural India were screened for ID/IDA. Subjects consumed 2 meals/day for 6 months; half were randomly assigned to consume meals made from a standard grain (pearl millet) and half consumed meals made from an iron biofortified pearl millet (BPM). Prior to and then at the conclusion of the feeding trial, they completed a set of cognitive tests with concurrent electroencephalography (EEG). Results Overall, serum ferritin (sFt) levels improved over the course of the study. Ten of 21 possible measures of cognition showed improvements from baseline (BL) to endline (EL) that were larger for those consuming BPM than for those consuming the comparison pearl millet (CPM). Critically, the best model for the relationship between change in iron status and change in cognition had change in brain measures as a mediating factor, with both change in serum ferritin as a primary predictor and change in hemoglobin as a moderator. Conclusions A dietary intervention involving a biofortified staple grain was shown to be efficacious in improving blood iron biomarkers, behavioral measures of cognition, and EEG measures of brain function. Modeling the relationships among these variables strongly suggests multiple mechanisms by which blood iron level affects brain function and cognition. Trial registration Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02152150 , 02 June 2014.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Adolescents / Anemia / Attention / Behavior / Biomarkers / Biostatistics / Blood / Blood levels / Boarding schools / Brain / Cognition / Cognition & reasoning / Cognition in adolescence / Cognitive ability / Complications and side effects / Data integrity / EEG / Electroencephalography / Electrophysiology / Enriched foods / Environmental Health / Epidemiology / Ferritin / Food and nutrition / Grain / Health aspects / Hemoglobin / Iron / Iron deficiency / Iron deficiency anemia / Medical research / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Medicine, Experimental / Memory / Millet / Modelling / Nutrient deficiency / Pennisetum glaucum / Psychological aspects / Public Health / Risk factors / Rural youth / Teenagers / Vaccine