Journal Article

Evaluation of the skeletal, dental, and soft-tissue changes after the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth stimulated by low-intensity electrical current: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Hajeer, Mohammad Y., Shaadouh, Rashad I., Aljabban, Ossama, Alam, Mohammad Khursheed, Sultan, Kinda

2025

Overview

Background Low-intensity electrical stimulation (LIES) is one of the recent physical techniques employed to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement and reduce treatment time. Objective This trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of the LIES technique in shortening the en-masse retraction time and evaluate skeletal, dental, or soft tissue changes on lateral cephalograms. Methods Young adult patients with a Class II division I malocclusion who visited the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Damascus Faculty of dentistry, between October 2022 and February 2023 and met specific inclusion criteria were included in this two parallel arms randomized controlled trial (RCT). The patients were randomly distributed into: the LIES group and the traditional en-masse retraction (TRAD) group. Computer-generated random numbers were used for the patient assignment. Blinding was performed only during data extraction and analysis. Mini-screws were used for anchorage during the en-masse retraction, and a force of 250 g was applied bilaterally with Nickel-Titanium springs. In the LIES group, each upper anterior tooth received a 15–20 µA electrical stimulation for five uninterrupted hours daily using an intraoral removable electrical stimulation device. The assessed outcomes were the required time for completing the en-masse retraction phase and the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue changes using lateral cephalograms at specific time points (T0: baseline; T1: before en-masse retraction; T2: end of en-masse retraction). Results Out of 127 patients were examined, 36 adult patients were enrolled and entered data analysis with a mean age of 20.91 ± 2.24 years. The en-masse retraction phase in the LIES group took a significantly shorter time than that in the TRAD group by a mean of 2.69 months ( P  < 0.001). Insignificant differences were observed between the two groups in almost all measured variables. In addition, a slight anterior rotation of the mandible was observed in both groups. A greater horizontal retraction of the apices of the upper incisors was seen in the LIES group compared to the TRAD group ( P  = 0.005). Conclusions The LIES shortened the required time for the en-masse retraction of the upper anterior teeth by approximately 30% compared to the traditional method. No significant differences between the two groups were observed in skeletal and soft tissue variables. However, a greater bodily movement of the upper incisors was noted in the LIES group. Registration This trial was retrospectively registered in the Clinical Trials database (ID: NCT06639204) and it was first posted on 15/10/2024.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Adolescent / Adult / Cephalometric analysis / Cephalometry / Clinical significance / Clinical trials / Dentistry / Duration of en-masse retraction / Electric currents / Electric Stimulation / Electrical stimulation / Electrical stimuli / En-masse retraction / Female / Humans / Incisor / Incisors / Male / Malocclusion, Angle Class II - therapy / Maxilla / Mechanical properties / Medicine / Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery / Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Orthodontic appliances / Orthodontics / Patients / Physiological aspects / Skeletal changes / Skull / Stainless steel / Teeth / Testing / Tooth movement acceleration / Tooth Movement Techniques - instrumentation / Tooth Movement Techniques - methods / Transplants & implants / Young Adult