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Coupling a single electron to a Bose–Einstein condensate
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Journal Article
Coupling a single electron to a Bose–Einstein condensate
2013
Overview
A single electron in a defined orbital is found to interact with a quantum many-body system through electron–phonon coupling.
A single electron coupled to a quantum gas
The coupling of electrons to matter underlies important material properties such as electrical conductivity and superconductivity. Jonathan Balewski and colleagues have created a novel experimental system that allows this coupling to be studied in a very pure form: a single localized electron interacting with a Bose–Einstein condensate — an ultracold quantum gas. The electron is provided by one of the rubidium atoms in the condensate, excited to a very high energy level, but still bound to the charged nucleus. In this 'Rydberg state', the electron's orbit spans up to eight micrometres — comparable to the dimensions of the condensate, allowing the electron to interact with several tens of thousands of atoms. The authors anticipate future experiments on electron orbital imaging, investigation of phonon-mediated coupling of single electrons, and applications in quantum optics.
The coupling of electrons to matter lies at the heart of our understanding of material properties such as electrical conductivity. Electron–phonon coupling can lead to the formation of a Cooper pair out of two repelling electrons, which forms the basis for Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer superconductivity
1
. Here we study the interaction of a single localized electron with a Bose–Einstein condensate and show that the electron can excite phonons and eventually trigger a collective oscillation of the whole condensate. We find that the coupling is surprisingly strong compared to that of ionic impurities, owing to the more favourable mass ratio. The electron is held in place by a single charged ionic core, forming a Rydberg bound state. This Rydberg electron is described by a wavefunction extending to a size of up to eight micrometres, comparable to the dimensions of the condensate. In such a state, corresponding to a principal quantum number of
n
= 202, the Rydberg electron is interacting with several tens of thousands of condensed atoms contained within its orbit. We observe surprisingly long lifetimes and finite size effects caused by the electron exploring the outer regions of the condensate. We anticipate future experiments on electron orbital imaging, the investigation of phonon-mediated coupling of single electrons, and applications in quantum optics.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
