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Deletions of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes of Plasmodium falciparum from Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua
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Deletions of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes of Plasmodium falciparum from Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua
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Journal Article
Deletions of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes of Plasmodium falciparum from Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua
2018
Overview
Background
Malaria remains a public health problem in some countries of Central America. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are one of the most useful tools to assist in the diagnosis of malaria in remote areas. Since its introduction, a wide variety of RDTs have been developed for the detection of different parasite antigens. PfHRP2 is the most targeted antigen for the detection of
Plasmodium falciparum
infections. Genetic mutations and gene deletions are important factors influencing or affecting the performance of rapid diagnostic tests.
Methods
In order to demonstrate the presence or absence of the
pfhrp2
and
pfhrp3
genes and their flanking regions, a total of 128 blood samples from patients with
P. falciparum
infection from three Central American countries were analysed through nested or semi-nested PCR approaches.
Results
In total, 25.8 and 91.4% of the isolates lacked the region located between exon 1 and exon 2 of
pfhrp2
and
pfhrp3
genes, respectively. Parasites from the three countries showed deletions of one or both genes. The highest proportion of
pfhrp2
deletions was found in Nicaragua while the isolates from Guatemala revealed the lowest number of
pfhrp2
deletions. Parasites collected from Honduras showed the highest proportion of
phfrp3
absence (96.2%). Twenty-one percent of isolates were double negative mutants for the exon 1–2 segment of both genes, and 6.3% of isolates lacked the full-length coding region of both genes.
Conclusions
This study provides molecular evidence of the existence of
P. falciparum
isolates lacking the
pfhrp2
and
pfhrp3
genes, and their flanking regions, in Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua. This finding could hinder progress in the control and elimination of malaria in Central America. Continuous evaluation of RDTs and molecular surveillance would be recommended.
