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Fleshy or dry: transcriptome analyses reveal the genetic mechanisms underlying bract development in Ephedra
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Fleshy or dry: transcriptome analyses reveal the genetic mechanisms underlying bract development in Ephedra
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Journal Article
Fleshy or dry: transcriptome analyses reveal the genetic mechanisms underlying bract development in Ephedra
2022
Overview
Background
Gnetales have a key phylogenetic position in the evolution of seed plants. Among the Gnetales, there is an extraordinary morphological diversity of seeds, the genus
Ephedra
, in particular, exhibits fleshy, coriaceous or winged (dry) seeds. Despite this striking diversity, its underlying genetic mechanisms remain poorly understood due to the limited studies in gymnosperms. Expanding the genomic and developmental data from gymnosperms contributes to a better understanding of seed evolution and development.
Results
We performed transcriptome analyses on different plant tissues of two
Ephedra
species with different seed morphologies. Anatomical observations in early developing ovules, show that differences in the seed morphologies are established early in their development. The transcriptomic analyses in dry-seeded
Ephedra californica
and fleshy-seeded
Ephedra antisyphilitica
, allowed us to identify the major differences between the differentially expressed genes in these species. We detected several genes known to be involved in fruit ripening as upregulated in the fleshy seed of
Ephedra antisyphilitica
.
Conclusions
This study allowed us to determine the differentially expressed genes involved in seed development of two
Ephedra
species. Furthermore, the results of this study of seeds with the enigmatic morphology in
Ephedra californica
and
Ephedra antisyphilitica
, allowed us to corroborate the hypothesis which suggest that the extra envelopes covering the seeds of Gnetales are not genetically similar to integument. Our results highlight the importance of carrying out studies on less explored species such as gymnosperms, to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary history of plants.
