Journal Article

A novel approach to alleviate acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity with hybrid balloon flower root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (BDEs) with silymarin via inhibition of hepatocyte MAPK pathway and apoptosis

Guo, Pengcheng, Gao, Chao, Kim, Jisu, Sheng, Jianyong, Wang, Jianxin

2024

Overview

Introduction Balloon flower root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (BDEs) have recently been proposed as physiologically active molecules with no cytotoxicity. However, the therapeutic effects of drug-induced hepatotoxicity of BDEs have not been elucidated. BDEs contain a large amount of platycodin D, which is widely known to be effective in regulating inflammation and ameliorating systemic toxicity. Thus, the main therapeutic activity of BDEs is attributed to inhibiting the inflammatory response and alleviating toxicity. In this study, we fabricated the hybrid BDEs fused with liposomes containing silymarin (SM) to enhance the synergistic effect on inhibition of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (APAP). Objective Considering the potential therapeutic effects of BDEs, and the potential to achieve synergistic effects to improve therapeutic outcomes, we constructed hybrid BDEs with a soy lecithin-based liposome loaded with SM. Since liposomes can provide higher thermal stability and have greater structural integrity, these might be more resistant to clearance and enzymatic degradation of drug molecules. Methods Hybrid BDEs with liposome-loaded SM (BDEs@lipo-SM) were fabricated by thin-film hydration and extrusion. BDEs@lipo-SM were characterized using dynamic light scattering and high-performance liquid chromatography. After confirmation of the physical properties of BDEs@lipo-SM, various therapeutic properties were evaluated. Results BDEs@lipo-SM were internalized by hepatocytes and immune cells and significantly decreased mRNA expression of apoptosis and inflammation-relevant cytokines by inhibiting the hepatocyte MAPK pathway. BDEs@lipo-SM significantly induced an increase in glutathione levels and inhibited APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion From this study, we know that BDEs are reliable and safe nanovesicles containing natural metabolites derived from balloon flower, and they can facilitate intercellular communication. BDEs are also easily modified to enhance drug loading capacity, targeting effects, and long-term accumulation in vivo. BDEs@lipo-SM have therapeutic benefits for acute liver injury and can alleviate cell death and toxicity. They can be efficiently delivered to the liver and effectively inhibit APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway and apoptosis, which accelerates liver recovery in the APAP-induced acute liver injury model. These findings highlight that BDEs represent an attractive delivery vehicle for drug delivery. Graphical abstract

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Acetaminophen / Analgesics / Analysis / Animals / Apoptosis / Apoptosis - drug effects / Balloon flower root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles / Bioavailability / Biomedical and Life Sciences / Care and treatment / Cell Biology / Cell death / Cell interactions / Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury - drug therapy / Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury - metabolism / Cytokines and Growth Factors / Cytotoxicity / Dosage and administration / Drug delivery / Drug delivery systems / Drug dosages / Drugs / Enzymes / Exosomes - metabolism / Gene expression / Glutathione / Health aspects / Hepatocytes / Hepatocytes - drug effects / Hepatocytes - metabolism / Hepatotoxicity / High performance liquid chromatography / Humans / Hybrid exosomes / Hydration / Immune clearance / Inflammation / Lecithin / Life Sciences / Light scattering / Lipids / Liposomes / Liposomes - chemistry / Liver / Male / MAP kinase / MAP Kinase Signaling System - drug effects / Metabolites / Methods / Mice / Mice, Inbred C57BL / N-acetyl-ρ-aminophen-induced liver injury / Nanoparticles / Nanoparticles - chemistry / Oxidative stress / Plant Roots / Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles / Protein-Ligand Interactions / Proteins / Receptors / RNA / Signal transduction / Silymarin / Silymarin - administration & dosage / Silymarin - pharmacology / Solvents / Thermal stability / Toxicity / Vehicles