Journal Article

Modular and predictable assembly of porous organic molecular crystals

Day, Graeme M., Cooper, Andrew I., Cora, Furio, Trewin, Abbie, Bacsa, John, Jelfs, Kim E., Slater, Ben, Adams, Dave J., Hasell, Tom, Wu, Xiaofeng, Schiffman, Florian, Steiner, Alexander, Chong, Samantha Y., Jones, James T. A., Schmidtmann, Marc

2011

Overview

Porous crystals made to order Controlling and predicting the structural properties of porous molecular crystals would have important implications in gas adsorption, separation and catalysis applications, but remain an unmet goal. This paper introduces a new concept of modular assembly at the molecular level for the formation of porous crystalline solids. Different large chiral molecules with intrinsic nanosize pores, or porous modules, self-assemble through chiral recognition during co-crystallization to produce solid porous frameworks. The three-dimensional structure of the final material can be predicted theoretically. The paper explores four different, albeit analogous, porous modules, which form four different porous solids. Nanoporous molecular frameworks 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 are important in applications such as separation, storage and catalysis. Empirical rules exist for their assembly but it is still challenging to place and segregate functionality in three-dimensional porous solids in a predictable way. Indeed, recent studies of mixed crystalline frameworks suggest a preference for the statistical distribution of functionalities throughout the pores 7 rather than, for example, the functional group localization found in the reactive sites of enzymes 8 . This is a potential limitation for ‘one-pot’ chemical syntheses of porous frameworks from simple starting materials. An alternative strategy is to prepare porous solids from synthetically preorganized molecular pores 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 . In principle, functional organic pore modules could be covalently prefabricated and then assembled to produce materials with specific properties. However, this vision of mix-and-match assembly is far from being realized, not least because of the challenge in reliably predicting three-dimensional structures for molecular crystals, which lack the strong directional bonding found in networks. Here we show that highly porous crystalline solids can be produced by mixing different organic cage modules that self-assemble by means of chiral recognition. The structures of the resulting materials can be predicted computationally 16 , 17 , allowing in silico materials design strategies 18 . The constituent pore modules are synthesized in high yields on gram scales in a one-step reaction. Assembly of the porous co-crystals is as simple as combining the modules in solution and removing the solvent. In some cases, the chiral recognition between modules can be exploited to produce porous organic nanoparticles. We show that the method is valid for four different cage modules and can in principle be generalized in a computationally predictable manner based on a lock-and-key assembly between modules.

• Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
• Subject: 639/638/298/921 / 639/638/541 / 639/638/563/983 / 639/925/350/354 / Assembly / Catalysis / Chemical properties / Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties / Crystal lattices / Crystal structure / Crystalline state (including molecular motions in solids) / Crystals / Exact sciences and technology / Humanities and Social Sciences / letter / Methods / Modules / Molecular crystals / Molecular structure / multidisciplinary / Nanocrystals / Nanostructure / Natural products / Organic compounds / Physics / Pores / Porosity / Porous materials / Recognition / Science / Science (multidisciplinary) / Solids / Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography / Structure of specific crystalline solids / Studies / Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling / Three dimensional