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Mental health of non-binary youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Mental health of non-binary youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Mental health of non-binary youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Journal Article
Mental health of non-binary youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis
2024
Overview
Background
Non-binary identities are increasingly recognized within the spectrum of gender diversity, yet there is a dearth of research exploring the mental health challenges specific to this population. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively assess the mental health outcomes of non-binary youth in comparison to their transgender and cisgender peers.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted to identify relevant studies across three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) covering the period from inception to October 2023. The meta-analysis was performed employing a random-effects model. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies comparing non-binary youth with transgender or cisgender youth, providing data on mental health outcomes such as general mental health, depressive and anxiety symptoms, self-harm and suicidality.
Results
Twenty-one studies, meeting the inclusion criteria and originating from six different countries, were included in the analysis. The sample encompassed 16,114 non-binary, 11,925 transgender, and 283,278 cisgender youth, with ages ranging from 11 to 25 years. Our meta-analysis revealed that non-binary youth exhibit significantly poorer general mental health compared to both transgender (
d
= 0.24, 95% CI, 0.05–0.43,
p
=.013) and cisgender youth (
d
= 0.48, 95% CI, 0.35–0.61,
p
<.001), indicating a more impaired general mental health in non-binary youth. Regarding depressive symptoms, when comparing non-binary and cisgender individuals, a moderate and significant effect was observed (
d
= 0.52, 95% CI, 0.41–0.63,
p
<.001). For anxiety symptoms, a small but significant effect was observed in the comparison with cisgender individuals (
d
= 0.44, 95% CI, 0.19–0.68,
p
=.001). Furthermore, non-binary individuals exhibited lower rates of past-year suicidal ideation than transgender peers (OR = 0.79, 95% CI, 0.65–0.97,
p
=.023) and higher rates of lifetime suicidal ideation than cisgender youth (OR = 2.14, 95% CI, 1.46–3.13,
p
<.001).
Conclusion
Non-binary youth face distinct mental health challenges, with poorer general mental health, elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to cisgender, and similar rates of self-harm and suicidal behavior compared to transgender individuals. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions, including gender-affirming mental health support, to address the specific needs of non-binary youth.
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
Subject
