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Residential Proximity to Metal-Containing Superfund Sites and Their Potential as a Source of Disparities in Metal Exposure among U.S. Women
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Residential Proximity to Metal-Containing Superfund Sites and Their Potential as a Source of Disparities in Metal Exposure among U.S. Women
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Residential Proximity to Metal-Containing Superfund Sites and Their Potential as a Source of Disparities in Metal Exposure among U.S. Women
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Journal Article
Residential Proximity to Metal-Containing Superfund Sites and Their Potential as a Source of Disparities in Metal Exposure among U.S. Women
2023
Overview
More than 73 million people in the United States live within 3 mi (5 km) of a Superfund site, which can be sources of uncontrolled hazardous waste. These sites tend to be in areas of lower socioeconomic status or with higher proportions of people of color. Many Superfund sites release metals into different environmental media, making the sites plausible sources of exposure for nearby communities. We aimed to evaluate associations between residential proximity to metal-containing Superfund sites and toenail metal biomarker concentrations, with consideration of how these associations varied by race to assess the potential for unequal burden of exposure. Non-Hispanic Black women had a slightly higher residential density of all types of metal-containing Superfund sites than non-Hispanic White women. Median toenail concentrations of arsenic and cadmium were higher in non-Hispanic White women, whereas the median concentration of antimony was higher in non-Hispanic Black women Overall, we observed positive associations between the IDW score for Superfund sites containing antimony (87.4%, 95% CI: 20.5, 191) and leadin relation to respective toenail levels.
