Journal Article

Ancient RNA from Late Pleistocene permafrost and historical canids shows tissue-specific transcriptome survival

Smith, Oliver, Dunshea, Glenn, Gilbert, M. T. P., Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S., Germonpre, Mietje, Bocherens, Hervé, Fedorov, Sergey

2019

Overview

While sequencing ancient DNA (aDNA) from archaeological material is now commonplace, very few attempts to sequence ancient transcriptomes have been made, even from typically stable deposition environments such as permafrost. This is presumably due to assumptions that RNA completely degrades relatively quickly, particularly when dealing with autolytic, nuclease-rich mammalian tissues. However, given the recent successes in sequencing ancient RNA (aRNA) from various sources including plants and animals, we suspect that these assumptions may be incorrect or exaggerated. To challenge the underlying dogma, we generated shotgun RNA data from sources that might normally be dismissed for such study. Here, we present aRNA data generated from two historical wolf skins, and permafrost-preserved liver tissue of a 14,300-year-old Pleistocene canid. Not only is the latter the oldest RNA ever to be sequenced, but it also shows evidence of biologically relevant tissue specificity and close similarity to equivalent data derived from modern-day control tissue. Other hallmarks of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data such as exon-exon junction presence and high endogenous ribosomal RNA (rRNA) content confirms our data's authenticity. By performing independent technical library replicates using two high-throughput sequencing platforms, we show not only that aRNA can survive for extended periods in mammalian tissues but also that it has potential for tissue identification. aRNA also has possible further potential, such as identifying in vivo genome activity and adaptation, when sequenced using this technology.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Animal remains (Archaeology) / Animals / Archaeology / Barley / Bioinformatics / Biology and life sciences / Canidae - classification / Canidae - genetics / Cartilage - metabolism / Deoxyribonucleic acid / DNA / DNA sequencing / Earth Sciences / Fossils / Frozen ground / Frozen tissue sections / Gene expression / Gene sequencing / Genetic aspects / Genetic research / Genomes / Genomics / High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing - methods / Laboratories / Liver - metabolism / Mammals / Medicine and Health Sciences / MicroRNAs / Museums / Natural history / Next-generation sequencing / Nuclease / Observations / Organ Specificity - genetics / Permafrost / Permafrost - chemistry / Phenols / Pleistocene / Research and analysis methods / Ribonucleic acid / RNA / RNA - genetics / RNA - metabolism / rRNA / Sequence Analysis, RNA - methods / Short Reports / Skin / Skin - metabolism / Species Specificity / Tissues / Transcriptome - genetics / Transfer RNA / Wolves / Wolves - genetics