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Therapeutic vaccines for cancer: an overview of clinical trials
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Journal Article
Therapeutic vaccines for cancer: an overview of clinical trials
2014
Overview
Key Points
Development of vaccines for the treatment of cancer has posed many challenges, but results from some recent studies have confirmed the potential for clinical benefit
Progress has been driven by advances in our understanding of cancer immunology and, in particular, the nature and dynamics of the tumour microenvironment
Many clinical trials may have failed to adequately account for how vaccines differ from other cancer therapies, and for immunosuppressive mechanisms that operate in the tumour microenvironment
Predictive biomarkers that can identify subpopulations of patients most likely to benefit from active immunotherapy are needed
Evidence from clinical trials suggest that clinical benefit might be greatest in patients with less advanced-stage malignancies
Future strategies should include steps to modify the tumour microenvironment to optimize tumour-specific immune responses
Active immunotherapy is emerging as an important addition to conventional cancer treatments, but many important questions remain. Optimal combinations of antigens, adjuvants and delivery vehicles need to be determined and effective strategies for overcoming tumour-associated immunosuppression ought to be developed. This Review provides an overview of new results from clinical studies of therapeutic cancer vaccines directed against tumour-associated antigens and discusses their implications for the use of active immunotherapy.
The therapeutic potential of host-specific and tumour-specific immune responses is well recognized and, after many years, active immunotherapies directed at inducing or augmenting these responses are entering clinical practice. Antitumour immunization is a complex, multi-component task, and the optimal combinations of antigens, adjuvants, delivery vehicles and routes of administration are not yet identified. Active immunotherapy must also address the immunosuppressive and tolerogenic mechanisms deployed by tumours. This Review provides an overview of new results from clinical studies of therapeutic cancer vaccines directed against tumour-associated antigens and discusses their implications for the use of active immunotherapy.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ Adjuvants, Immunologic - therapeutic use
/ Antigens
/ Antigens, Neoplasm - immunology
/ Breast Neoplasms - drug therapy
/ Cancer
/ Cancer Vaccines - therapeutic use
/ Carcinoma, Renal Cell - drug therapy
/ Colorectal Neoplasms - drug therapy
/ Female
/ Hematologic Neoplasms - drug therapy
/ Humans
/ Kidney Neoplasms - drug therapy
/ Lung Neoplasms - drug therapy
/ Male
/ Methods
/ Oncology
/ Pancreatic Neoplasms - drug therapy
/ Patients
/ Prostatic Neoplasms - drug therapy
/ Testing
/ Tumors
/ Vaccines
