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The causal interplay between depression and alcohol use from adolescence to young adulthood: a Mendelian randomization study
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The causal interplay between depression and alcohol use from adolescence to young adulthood: a Mendelian randomization study
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Journal Article
The causal interplay between depression and alcohol use from adolescence to young adulthood: a Mendelian randomization study
2026
Overview
Depression is often comorbid with alcohol use problems, and sex differences may further complicate this interplay.
We conducted a longitudinal study using a large European adolescent cohort assessed at ages 14 (baseline, BL), 16 (follow-up 1, FU1), 19 (follow-up 2, FU2), and 23 (follow-up 3, FU3). Depression and alcohol use were measured using standardized behavioral scales. Cross-lagged analysis, improved Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, and mediation analysis were conducted to infer the causal interplay.
2110 adolescents were included at baseline (49% male). Depression and alcohol consumption demonstrated a significant positive correlation (
= 0.094,
= 1.58E-05, 95% CI = [0.052, 0.137]), which gradually diminished over time and eventually became significantly negative. Depression and alcohol use problems remained strongly correlated across three timepoints (
> 0.074,
< 6.76E-03). Cross-lagged analysis suggested that depression predicted future alcohol use problems:
= 0.058,
= 0.021, 95% CI = [0.009, 0.108];
= 0.142,
= 8.34E-07, 95% CI = [0.113, 0.263]. MR analyses confirmed this causal interplay (
= 0.043, longitudinal
< 0.001). Interestingly, MR analyses also indicated that alcohol consumption might alleviate depression (
= -0.022, longitudinal
= 0.043), particularly in females at FU3, of which the anxiety status and the personality trait neuroticism largely mediated the effect. These findings were validated in an independent matched sample (N = 562) from Human Connectome Project.
Depression may predict future alcohol use problems, whereas moderate alcohol consumption might alleviate depressive symptoms, especially in females.
Publisher
Cambridge University Press
Subject
