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Nutrient Profile Models to Promote Healthier Food Choices for Children
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Dissertation
Nutrient Profile Models to Promote Healthier Food Choices for Children
2022
Overview
IntroductionNoncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, constituting one of the greatest global public health challenges of the 21stcentury.According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the incidence and prevalence of NCDs are conditioned by individual and social risk factors, namely smoking, sedentary lifestyle, overweight, inadequate eating habits and alcoholism, all of which are avoidable risk factors.In Portugal, according to data estimated by the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study, inadequate eating habits are one of the top five factors contributing to the loss of healthy life years. Factors influencing consumers' eating behaviours range from environmental factors, personal and individual differences, to economic and political ones, such as the cost or availability of food. Information provided by food labelling, food marketing and policies that impact on food prices also influences food choice.In this context, the implementation of measures to create healthy eating environments have been identified as actions that can influence food choices and the nutritional status of individuals, contributing to the promotion of healthy eating.These measures include the development of nutrient profile (NP) models that serve as a basis for the implementation of actions to promote healthy eating environments. Several NP models have been developed with the specific aim of defining the nutritional quality of individual foods or groups of foods by classifying them according to their specific nutrient content or ingredients of interest. NP models can be applied to guide the reformulation of food products, the establishment of specific compositional standards, the regulation of the marketing of foods for children, the establishment of nutrition and health claims and the creation of food labelling logos.This thesis aimed to investigate the application of NP models, in the domains of food labelling, food composition/reformulation and food marketing/promotion, to produce evidence to support policymakers and researchers in creating healthy food environments.The research consisted of four studies that used a combination of different research methods to address the overall aims and objectives initially established.Study 1 presented an overview of the guiding principles for implementing NP models, providing a better understanding of their importance as a tool for establishing public health interventions regarding consumers' food choices. The topics revisited in the state-of-the-art were intended to support policymakers in setting food and nutrition policies based on objective, transparent and reproducible methods for assessing the nutritional quality of food and non-alcoholic beverages.Study 2 applied the NP models in the domains of food composition/reformulation and food promotion, to assess and compare the World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe (WHO-EURO), the EU food industry's commitment to advertising and marketing toward children (EU-Pledge), and the national model developed by the Directorate-General for Health (NPM-PT) performance in the classification of ready-to-eat cereals (RTECs) for children, available in Portuguese supermarkets according to their nutritional composition; analysed the potential for reformulation of RTECs identified as inadequate and assessed the impact of reformulating RTEC, on the quality of children's food in Portugal.
