Journal Article

Sustainable nickel enabled by hydrogenbased reduction

Souza Filho, I R, Manzoor, U, Roncery, Mujica L, Raabe, D

2025

Overview

Nickel is a critical element in the shift to sustainable energy systems, with the demand for nickel projected to exceed 6 million tons annually by 20401-4, largely driven by the electrification of the transport sector. Primary nickel production uses acids and carbon-based reductants, emitting about 20 tons of carbon dioxide per ton of nickel produced5-7. Here we present a method using fossil-free hydrogen-plasma-based reduction to extract nickel from low-grade ore variants known as laterites. We bypass the traditional multistep process and combine calcination, smelting, reduction and refining into a single metallurgical step conducted in one furnace. Thisapproach produces high-grade ferronickel alloys at fast reduction kinetics. Thermodynamic control of the atmosphere of the furnace enables selective nickel reduction, yielding an alloy with minimal impurities (<0.04 wt% silicon, approximately 0.01 wt% phosphorus and <0.09 wt% calcium), eliminating the need for further refining. The proposed method has the potential to be up to about 18% more energy efficient while cutting direct carbon dioxide emissions by up to 84% compared with current practice. Our work thus shows a sustainable approach to help resolve the contradiction between the beneficial use of nickel in sustainable energy technologies and the environmental harm caused by its production.

• Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
• Subject: Alloys / Beneficial use / Carbon dioxide / Carbon dioxide emissions / Clean technology / Energy efficiency / Energy technology / Ferronickel / Hydrogen / Impurities / Investigations / Laterites / Metallurgy / Nickel / Plasma / Reducing agents / Refining / Renewable energy / Silicon / Sulfur / Sustainability / Sustainable energy / Thermogravimetric analysis