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Ostrom's (1990) work on natural resources is one of the new models of governance and invites us to take a fresh look at how we think about politics, through which it opened a gap in understanding how individuals and organizations self-organize to collectively reap the benefits of renewable resources. We support the hypothesis that the notion of access to medicines must be considered as a common good in the Algerian health context. It should be carried out within the framework of \"Focal Monopoly of Governance\" presented by Meisel (2004) and is considered as a potential response to the institutional and political blockages of access to medicines in Algeria. We use the term \"Focal Monopoly of Governance\" to apply it to the question of access to medicines in Algeria, as a way of overtaking to coordinate the divergent interests between actors. This FMG would be intended to cover the needs of essential medicines under four levers of accessibility: qualitative, legal, economic and geographic.

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to discuss and analyse the triggering factors for the emerging biotech cluster Sidi Abdallah. We mainly focus on the innovative clusters concept in the area of biotech as a mode of organisation and agglomeration of innovation actors. The study uses data from fieldwork conducted in the Sidi Abdallah biotech cluster involving several institutions (enterprises, ministries, research centres, public institutions) together with secondary data mostly from private and public organisations.Findings: Results reveal a form of cluster emergence that we call a peripheral cluster. The concept of the peripheral cluster is that such non-core clusters did not benefit from a path-dependency or historical factors that can help them emerge like the big European and American clusters. We have come to the conclusion that cluster policy is often ineffective in peripheral regions because of the scarcity of some determinants, such as: (1) intermediary institutions; (2) regulatory framework; (3) local demand; (4) anchor firms; (5) cluster critical mass; and (6) slow cluster life cycle.Originality/Value: The originality of this work stems from two aspects: first, that we use for the first time the “emergence” rather than the catch-up paradigm (Djeflat, 2006) in the Arab World to analyse biotech clusters. Second, this study represents one of the very few empirical studies conducted in biotech clusters in Algeria and, as such, may offer some insights into the importance of territorial dynamics in the field of biotechnology in developing countries.

Automatic indexing of images and videos is a highly relevant and important research area in multimedia information retrieval. The difficulty of this task is no longer something to prove. Most efforts of the research community have been focusing, in the past, on the detection of single concepts in images/videos, which is already a hard task. With the evolution of information retrieval systems, users’ needs become more abstract, and lead to a larger number of words composing the queries. It is important to think about indexing multimedia documents with more than just individual concepts, to help retrieval systems to answer such complex queries. Few studies addressed specifically the problem of detecting multiple concepts (multi-concept) in images and videos. Most of them concern the detection of concept pairs. These studies showed that such challenge is even greater than the one of single concept detection. In this work, we address the problem of multi-concept detection in images/videos by making a comparative and detailed study. Three types of approaches are considered: 1) building detectors for multi-concept, 2) fusing single concepts detectors and 3) exploiting detectors of a set of single concepts in a stacking scheme. We conducted our evaluations on PASCAL VOC’12 collection regarding the detection of pairs and triplets of concepts. We extended the evaluation process on TRECVid 2013 dataset for infrequent concept pairs’ detection. Our results show that the three types of approaches give globally comparable results for images, but they differ for specific kinds of pairs/triplets. In the case of videos, late fusion of detectors seems to be more effective and efficient when single concept detectors have good performances. Otherwise, directly building bi-concept detectors remains the best alternative, especially if a well-annotated dataset is available. The third approach did not bring additional gain or efficiency.

Sur le plan théorique, l'article se base sur le modèle de Guennif et Mfuka, (2005) qui stipule que si une firme pharmaceutique du Sud espère conquérir des marchés, elle doit suivre une trajectoire de développement se composant de trois étapes : de la formulation, au décollage puis à celle du développement de nouveaux médicaments. Au travers d'une étude de cas de deux pays en développement (Algérie, Inde), nous montrons que ce processus est contraint par le renforcement des DPI dans ces deux pays. L'objectif de cette comparaison est de montrer dans quelle mesure le brevet pharmaceutique pourrait nuancer le lien entre développement industriel et accès aux médicaments essentiels. Nous en sommes arrivés à contredire l'hypothèse stipulant la pertinence du renforcement du système du DPI dans les Pays En Développement (PED) selon laquelle ces derniers favoriseraient les Investissements Directs Etrangers (IDE), les transferts technologiques et l'innovation au Sud.

In this paper, we consider the problem of automatically detecting a large number of visual concepts in images or video shots. State of the art systems generally involve feature (descriptor) extraction, classification (supervised learning) and fusion when several descriptors and/or classifiers are used. Though direct multi-label approaches are considered in some works, detection scores are often computed independently for each target concept. We propose a method that we call “conceptual feedback” which implicitly takes into account the relations between concepts to improve the overall concepts detection performance. A conceptual descriptor is built from the system’s output scores and fed back by adding it to the pool of already available descriptors. Our proposal can be iterated several times. Moreover, we propose three extensions of our method. Firstly, a weighting of the conceptual dimensions is performed to give more importance to concepts which are more correlated to the target concept. Secondly, an explicit selection of a set of concepts that are semantically or statically related to the target concept is introduced. For video indexing, we propose a third extension which integrates the temporal dimension in the feedback process by taking into account simultaneously the conceptual and the temporal dimensions to build the high-level descriptor. Our proposals have been evaluated in the context of the TRECVid 2012 semantic indexing task involving the detection of 346 visual or multi-modal concepts. Overall, combined with temporal re-scoring, the proposed method increased the global system performance (MAP) from 0.2613 to 0.3082 ( + 17.9 % of relative improvement) while the temporal re-scoring alone increased it only from 0.2613 to 0.2691 ( + 3.0 %).

Background Astrocytoma are known to have altered glutamate machinery that results in the release of large amounts of glutamate into the extracellular space but the precise role of glutamate in favoring cancer processes has not yet been fully established. Several studies suggested that glutamate might provoke active killing of neurons thereby producing space for cancer cells to proliferate and migrate. Previously, we observed that calcium promotes disassembly of integrin-containing focal adhesions in astrocytoma, thus providing a link between calcium signaling and cell migration. The aim of this study was to determine how calcium signaling and glutamate transmission cooperate to promote enhanced astrocytoma migration. Methods The wound-healing model was used to assay migration of human U87MG astrocytoma cells and allowed to monitor calcium signaling during the migration process. The effect of glutamate on calcium signaling was evaluated together with the amount of glutamate released by astrocytoma during cell migration. Results We observed that glutamate stimulates motility in serum-starved cells, whereas in the presence of serum, inhibitors of glutamate receptors reduce migration. Migration speed was also reduced in presence of an intracellular calcium chelator. During migration, cells displayed spontaneous Ca 2+ transients. L-THA, an inhibitor of glutamate re-uptake increased the frequency of Ca 2+ oscillations in oscillating cells and induced Ca 2+ oscillations in quiescent cells. The frequency of migration-associated Ca 2+ oscillations was reduced by prior incubation with glutamate receptor antagonists or with an anti-β1 integrin antibody. Application of glutamate induced increases in internal free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ). Finally we found that compounds known to increase [Ca 2+ ] i in astrocytomas such as thapsigagin, ionomycin or the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist t-ACPD, are able to induce glutamate release. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that glutamate increases migration speed in astrocytoma cells via enhancement of migration-associated Ca 2+ oscillations that in turn induce glutamate secretion via an autocrine mechanism. Thus, glutamate receptors are further validated as potential targets for astrocytoma cancer therapy.

This study investigates the impact of innovation on job satisfaction in retail networks. We test hypotheses about the effects of three different forms of innovation-organizational, process, and product-on store managers' job satisfaction. Using the partial least squares method to analyze data from a survey of 95 stores in retail networks located in Tunisia, we find that only organizational innovation is positively related to store managers' job satisfaction. The paper provides new understanding about innovation management and its consequences for retailing in Tunisia.

L'idée principale défendue dans cet article est d'analyser le processus d'émergence du Cluster Biotechnologie de Sidi Abdallah (Alger) en tant que Modèle d'innovation Territoriale (MIT). Dans cet article, nous nous concentrons sur le concept de clusters innovants comme mode d'organisation et d'agglomération des acteurs de l'innovation. La recherche exploratoire nous a permis de spécifier quatre déterminants de ce processus: la localisation géographique, les relations d'organisation entre entreprises (Torre, 2006), le cycle de vie et la masse critique dans le Cluster. Notre recherche révèle l'existence d'un cluster à une phase agglomérée.

La présente étude a comme objectif d’analyser l’impact de l’innovation sur la satisfaction du travail dans les réseaux commerciaux. En particulier, nous testons des hypothèses sur l’effet de trois formes d’innovation (organisationnelle, procédé et produit) sur la satisfaction des gérants des points de ventes appartenant aux réseaux de distribution. L’analyse des données collectées auprès de 95 points de ventes appartenant aux réseaux de distribution implantés en Tunisie, moyennant la méthode PLS ( Partial Least Squares ), montre que seulement l’innovation organisationnelle qui affecte positivement la satisfaction des gérants des points de ventes. Ceci constitue une contribution à la compréhension de la gestion de l’innovation et ses conséquences dans le secteur de la distribution en Tunisie. This study investigates the impact of innovation on job satisfaction in retail networks. We test hypotheses about the effects of three different forms of innovation—organizational, process, and product—on store managers’ job satisfaction. Using the partial least squares method to analyze data from a survey of 95 stores in retail networks located in Tunisia, we f ind that only organizational innovation is positively related to store managers’ job satisfaction. The paper provides new understanding about innovation management and its consequences for retailing in Tunisia.

La présente étude a comme objectif d’analyser l’impact de l’innovation sur la satisfaction du travail dans les réseaux commerciaux. En particulier, nous testons des hypothèses sur l’effet de trois formes d’innovation (organisationnelle, procédé et produit) sur la satisfaction des gérants des points de ventes appartenant aux réseaux de distribution. L’analyse des données collectées auprès de 95 points de ventes appartenant aux réseaux de distribution implantés en Tunisie, moyennant la méthode PLS ( Partial Least Squares ), montre que seulement l’innovation organisationnelle qui affecte positivement la satisfaction des gérants des points de ventes. Ceci constitue une contribution à la compréhension de la gestion de l’innovation et ses conséquences dans le secteur de la distribution en Tunisie.