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A common concern in teacher education programs is the fragmentation of knowledge between courses that contribute to separation between discipline-focused theoretical knowledge and teachers’ practical work in schools. Drawing on reviews on innovative learning spaces in schools and analysis of teacher knowledge, we theorize a conceptualization of professional learning with an intention to draw attention to a re-visualization of teacher education. We refer to the concept of electronic-portfolios as a powerful connective tissue in creating new spaces for teacher education, followed by an outline of an aspect of our teacher education program, with insights from students, that is emerging. We conclude with reflections on how we are integrating deep conceptual understandings of education with cumulative narratives of education in practice.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprobar el impacto de una temporada según el modelo de Educación Deportiva (MED) sobre la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, la responsabilidad y las relaciones sociales en escolares de Educación Primaria. Los estudiantes pertenecían a un centro rural con agrupaciones multinivel, donde estudiantes con diferente edad (8-10 y 10-12 años) y nivel madurativo conviven en una misma clase. Se realizó un diseño cuasi-experimental pre-test/post-test con un único grupo de medida (N = 24, M edad = 10.12; DT 1.29), al que se aplicó un único nivel de tratamiento. Las necesidades psicológicas básicas (autonomía, competencia y relación) fueros evaluadas con la Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale, la responsabilidad mediante una escala basada en los niveles propuestos en el Modelo de Responsabilidad Personal y Social (Hellison, 2011), y las relaciones sociales con un cuestionario sociométrico. Además, la percepción de los estudiantes fue analizada con un grupo focal para evaluar si el MED facilita las relaciones sociales. El alumnado recibió un programa de 18 sesiones (45 minutos por sesión) en las clases de Educación Física basado en el MED. Se prestó especial importancia al diseño del contenido deportivo (reglas que permitieran jugar con diferente nivel de desarrollo) y distribución de responsabilidades a través de los roles en función del nivel de desarrollo (los estudiantes de los niveles superiores asumieron roles de organización). Los resultados mostraron mejoras significativas sobre las necesidades de competencia y relación, la dimensión amigo negativo (reducción) y el nivel de responsabilidad. La percepción del alumnado reveló mejoras en las relaciones sociales, lo cual parece indicar que el establecimiento de relaciones multinivel puede potenciar los beneficios del modelo. En conclusión, este estudio muestra la viabilidad y potencial pedagógico del MED en un contexto rural y multinivel.

This paper describes a process of self-study that has developed between two teacher educators, their student teachers and their school-based colleagues. The impetus for the research comes from a three-year action research project investigating the organization of and the instruction in a school integrated teacher education course aimed at preparing student teachers to become teachers.

The questionnaire was administered over a two-year period to nine separate classes (n = 195) of elementary education students. Five different instructors taught nine classes, one instructor teaching both SITE and Campus based courses. Of me nine classes, four were SITE (n = 92) and five were Campus based (n = 83). A series of 2 x 3 (treatment/control x pre/mid/ post-test) repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) were conducted with attitude, subjective norm, and PBC serving as the dependent variables (DV). Main effects (p < .05) were examined in order to determine the influence of 1 ) time, and 2) course type, on the DVs. For all classes, a statistically significant (p < .05) positive effect over time was found; both the Campus and SITE courses significandy influenced students' attitudes, subjective norm, and PBC to teach PE. Attitude did not show a significant (p > .05) time x class interaction. In an ancillary analysis controlling for a time one ceiling effect, a time x class effect ((2 = .04) was identified. That is, when high initial ratings were eliminated, there was a greater effect on attitude for SITE compared to Campus based classes. Subjective norm had a significant (p > .05) time x class effect when considering time 2-3 relationship significant (p < .05). Specifically, from time 2-3, SITE scored higher on subjective norm in comparison to Campus based students.

Le questionnaire a été administré au cours d'une période de deux ans à neuf classes différentes (n=195) d'étudiantsmaîtres devant enseigner à l'élémentaire. Cinq instructeurs ont enseigné à neuf classes, un instructeur enseignant à la fois les cours en milieu scolaire et ceux en milieu universitaire. Quatre de ces neuf classes étaient des classes en milieu scolaire (n = 92) et cinq étaient des classes en milieu universitaire (n = 83). Une série de 2 x 3 (traitement/contrôle x pré/mi/ post-test) analyses de variance à mesures répétées (RM ANOVA) ont été effectuées avec attitude, norme subjective et perception de contrôle servant de variables dépendantes (VD). Les principaux effets (p < ,05) ont été examinés pour déterminer l'influence 1) du temps et 2) du type de cours sur les VD. Dans le cas de toutes les classes, on a observé un effet statistique significatif au fil du temps (p < ,05); les cours offerts en milieu scolaire et en milieu universitaire affectaient tous deux grandement les attitudes, les normes subjectives et la perception de contrôle face à l'enseignement de l'éducation physique. L'attitude ne démontrait pas une forte interaction temps x classe (p > ,05). Dans le cadre d'une analyse auxiliaire visant à vérifier un efifet plafond temps et demi, on a identifié un effet temps x classe (2 = ,04), à savoir que lorsqu'on éliminait les cotes initiales élevées, on observait un plus grand effet sur l'attitude dans le cas des classes en milieu scolaire par rapport à celles en milieu universitaire. La norme subjective avait un effet temps x classe significatif (p > ,05) lorsqu'on jugeait le lien temps 2-3 significatif (p < ,05). De façon plus précise, partant de temps, le groupe en milieu scolaire obtenait des cotes plus élevées au niveau de la norme subjective par comparaison au groupe en milieu universitaire.

Estimates from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of unrelated individuals capture effects of inherited variation (direct effects), demography (population stratification, assortative mating) and relatives (indirect genetic effects). Family-based GWAS designs can control for demographic and indirect genetic effects, but large-scale family datasets have been lacking. We combined data from 178,086 siblings from 19 cohorts to generate population (between-family) and within-sibship (within-family) GWAS estimates for 25 phenotypes. Within-sibship GWAS estimates were smaller than population estimates for height, educational attainment, age at first birth, number of children, cognitive ability, depressive symptoms and smoking. Some differences were observed in downstream SNP heritability, genetic correlations and Mendelian randomization analyses. For example, the within-sibship genetic correlation between educational attainment and body mass index attenuated towards zero. In contrast, analyses of most molecular phenotypes (for example, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) were generally consistent. We also found within-sibship evidence of polygenic adaptation on taller height. Here, we illustrate the importance of family-based GWAS data for phenotypes influenced by demographic and indirect genetic effects. Within-sibship genome-wide association analyses using data from 178,076 siblings illustrate differences between population-based and within-sibship GWAS estimates for phenotypes influenced by demographic and indirect genetic effects.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting males in developed countries. It shows consistent evidence of familial aggregation, but the causes of this aggregation are mostly unknown. To identify common alleles associated with prostate cancer risk, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using blood DNA samples from 1,854 individuals with clinically detected prostate cancer diagnosed at ≤60 years or with a family history of disease, and 1,894 population-screened controls with a low prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration (<0.5 ng/ml). We analyzed these samples for 541,129 SNPs using the Illumina Infinium platform. Initial putative associations were confirmed using a further 3,268 cases and 3,366 controls. We identified seven loci associated with prostate cancer on chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 19 and X ( P = 2.7 × 10 −8 to P = 8.7 × 10 −29 ). We confirmed previous reports of common loci associated with prostate cancer at 8q24 and 17q. Moreover, we found that three of the newly identified loci contain candidate susceptibility genes: MSMB , LMTK2 and KLK3 .

Douglas Easton and colleagues report a comprehensive analysis of SNP associations to prostate cancer across the 8q24 region. They report 8 SNPs in 5 blocks independently associated to prostate cancer risk. Previous studies have identified multiple loci on 8q24 associated with prostate cancer risk. We performed a comprehensive analysis of SNP associations across 8q24 by genotyping tag SNPs in 5,504 prostate cancer cases and 5,834 controls. We confirmed associations at three previously reported loci and identified additional loci in two other linkage disequilibrium blocks (rs1006908: per-allele OR = 0.87, P = 7.9 × 10 −8 ; rs620861: OR = 0.90, P = 4.8 × 10 −8 ). Eight SNPs in five linkage disequilibrium blocks were independently associated with prostate cancer susceptibility.

Background Epidemiological studies have observed a positive association between an earlier age at sexual development and prostate cancer, but markers of sexual maturation in boys are imprecise and observational estimates are likely to suffer from a degree of uncontrolled confounding. To obtain causal estimates, we examined the role of pubertal development in prostate cancer using genetic polymorphisms associated with Tanner stage in adolescent boys in a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods We derived a weighted genetic risk score for pubertal development, combining 13 SNPs associated with male Tanner stage. A higher score indicated a later puberty onset. We examined the association of this score with prostate cancer risk, stage and grade in the UK-based ProtecT case-control study ( n  = 2,927), and used the PRACTICAL consortium ( n  = 43,737) as a replication sample. Results In ProtecT, the puberty genetic score was inversely associated with prostate cancer grade (odds ratio (OR) of high- vs. low-grade cancer, per tertile of the score: 0.76; 95 % CI, 0.64–0.89). In an instrumental variable estimation of the causal OR, later physical development in adolescence (equivalent to a difference of one Tanner stage between pubertal boys of the same age) was associated with a 77 % (95 % CI, 43–91 %) reduced odds of high Gleason prostate cancer. In PRACTICAL, the puberty genetic score was associated with prostate cancer stage (OR of advanced vs. localized cancer, per tertile: 0.95; 95 % CI, 0.91–1.00) and prostate cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio amongst cases, per tertile: 0.94; 95 % CI, 0.90–0.98), but not with disease grade. Conclusions Older age at sexual maturation is causally linked to a reduced risk of later prostate cancer, especially aggressive disease.

Abstract Objectives: To assess the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to common forms of osteoarthritis of the hands and knees. Design: Classic twin study with unselected twins who were screened radiologically for osteoarthritis. Subjects: 130 identical and 120 non-identical female twins aged 48-70 recruited from a London based twin register and through a national media campaign. Main outcome measures: Similarity in identical compared with non-identical twin pairs for radiographic changes at the interphalangeal and first carpometacarpal joints of the hands and the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint of the knee expressed as intraclass correlations. Results: The intraclass correlations of radiographic osteophytes and narrowing at most sites and the presence of Heberden's nodes and knee pain were higher in the identical pairs. The intraclass correlation of the total radiographic osteoarthritis score in identical pairs (rMZ) was 0.64 (SE 0.05) compared with 0.38 (0.08) in non-identical pairs. The proportion of genetic variance of total osteoarthritis score (osteophytes and narrowing) with modelling techniques was estimated at 0.54 (95% confidence interval 0.43 to 0.65) and ranged from 0.39 to 0.65 for different sites and features (P<0.001) after adjustment for age and weight. Conclusions: These results demonstrate for the first time a clear genetic effect for radiographic osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in women, with a genetic influence ranging from 39-65%, independent of known environmental or demographic confounders. The results of this study should lead to further work on isolating the gene or genes involved in the pathogenesis of this common disabling disease. Key messages Key messages Although environmental factors have traditionally been thought to be the main influences, there are few data to support this Between 39% and 65% of osteoarthritis in the general population can be attributed to genetic factors Identification of the genes concerned could have a large impact on the disease in terms of prevention and new therapeutic approaches