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The memory function of sleep
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Journal Article
The memory function of sleep
2010
Overview
Key Points
Sleep promotes the consolidation of declarative as well as procedural and emotional memories in a wide variety of tasks. Sleep improves preferentially the consolidation of memories that were encoded explicitly and are behaviourally relevant to the individual.
Consolidation during sleep not only strengthens memory traces quantitatively but can also produce qualitative changes in memory representations. An active process of re-organization enables the formation of new associations and the extraction of generalized features. This can ease novel inferences and insights.
Spatio-temporal patterns of neuronal activity during encoding in the awake state become re-activated during subsequent sleep, specifically during slow-wave sleep (SWS) which is a state of minimum cholinergic activity. Such re-activations might promote the gradual redistribution of hippocampus-dependent memories from the hippocampus to neocortical sites for long-term storage (system consolidation) and might also trigger enduring synaptic changes to stabilize memories (synaptic consolidation).
Neocortical (<1 Hz) slow oscillations, thalamo-cortical spindles and hippocampal sharp-wave ripples are implicated in memory consolidation during SWS. The depolarizing up-states of the slow oscillations synchronously drive the generation of spindles and ripples accompanying hippocampal memory re-activations, thus providing a temporal frame for a fine-tuned hippocampus-to-neocortex transfer of memories.
Neocortical slow oscillations concurrently support a global synaptic downscaling that precludes saturation of synaptic networks and improves the capacity to encode new information.
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is characterized by a local upregulation of plasticity-related immediate early genes in the presence of high cholinergic activity and reduced electroencephalographic coherence between brain regions. These conditions might effectively support local synaptic consolidation.
The temporal sequence of SWS and REM sleep in the normal sleep cycle suggests that these sleep stages have complementary roles in memory consolidation: during SWS, system consolidation promotes the re-activation and redistribution of select memory traces for long-term storage, whereas ensuing REM sleep might act to stabilize the transformed memories by enabling undisturbed synaptic consolidation.
Sleep improves the consolidation of both declarative and non-declarative memories. Diekelmann and Born discuss the potential mechanisms through which slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep support system and synaptic consolidation.
Sleep has been identified as a state that optimizes the consolidation of newly acquired information in memory, depending on the specific conditions of learning and the timing of sleep. Consolidation during sleep promotes both quantitative and qualitative changes of memory representations. Through specific patterns of neuromodulatory activity and electric field potential oscillations, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep support system consolidation and synaptic consolidation, respectively. During SWS, slow oscillations, spindles and ripples — at minimum cholinergic activity — coordinate the re-activation and redistribution of hippocampus-dependent memories to neocortical sites, whereas during REM sleep, local increases in plasticity-related immediate-early gene activity — at high cholinergic and theta activity — might favour the subsequent synaptic consolidation of memories in the cortex.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ Animal Genetics and Genomics
/ Animals
/ Biological and medical sciences
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Electrodiagnosis. Electric activity recording
/ Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
/ Genes, Immediate-Early - physiology
/ Humans
/ Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects)
/ Sleep
