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High-rate sodium metal batteries enabled by trifluormethylfullerene additive
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Journal Article
High-rate sodium metal batteries enabled by trifluormethylfullerene additive
2022
Overview
Sodium metal is a promising anode for sodium batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, the serious Na dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency, especially at high current densities/cycling capacities, severely limit the application of sodium metal anodes. Herein, trifluoromethylfullerene, C
60
(CF
3
)
6
, is designed as an electrolyte additive to enable the high-rate cycling of sodium metal anodes with high Coulombic efficiency. The CF
3
groups contribute to the formation of stable NaF-rich solid electrolyte interface layer, while C
60
cages induce the uniform distribution of sodium ions and promote the formation of smooth and compact morphology. Thus, Na∥Cu cell with C
60
(CF
3
)
6
can be cycled at 2 mA·cm
−2
and 10 mAh·cm
−2
over 180 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.9%, and Na∥Na cell can be cycled at 10 mA·cm
−2
over 600 cycles. Furthermore, Na∥NaV
2
(PO
4
)
3
@C full cell exhibits high capacity retention of 84% over 2,000 cycles at 20 C (∼ 3 mA·cm
−2
).
Publisher
Tsinghua University Press
Subject
