Journal Article

Hunting and Habitat Destruction Drive Widespread Functional Declines of Top Predators in a Global Deforestation Hotspot

Torres, Ricardo, Nuñez Regueiro, Mauricio M, Noss, Andrew J, Thompson, Jeffrey J, Villalba, Laura, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Nanni, Ana Sofía, De Angelo, Carlos, Romero Muñoz, Alfredo, Giordano, Anthony J, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Benitez López, Ana, Decarre, Julieta, Quiroga, Verónica, Camino, Micaela

2025

Overview

Aim We investigated the effects of habitat destruction and hunting on the functional decline of top predators, specifically jaguar and puma, in the Gran Chaco. Location The 1.1 million km2 South American Gran Chaco. Methods We used spatially explicit, individual‐based models for jaguars and pumas, incorporating detailed information on habitat suitability and hunting pressure. We parameterized our models with literature data and calibrated them through a Delphi expert‐elicitation process. We simulated population trajectories under a hypothetical, threat‐free, baseline versus different threat scenarios. Results Under combined threats of hunting and habitat loss, jaguar and puma populations declined by 88% and 80%, respectively, compared to range contractions of 48% and 35%, respectively. Both species remained regionally viable, particularly due to large protected areas, which acted as population sources but were surrounded by strong sinks. We observed a widespread weakening of the top carnivore guild function, with at least one species extirpated across 67% of the Chaco and strong declines (> 80%; considered here as functional loss) for both species concurrently across 61% of their area of historical co‐occurrence. Hunting was a much stronger driver of population declines (88% and 77% for jaguars and pumas, respectively) compared to habitat destruction (26% and 22%). Main Conclusions Large predators play key functional roles in ecosystems. Our findings reveal that these functions can be lost over vast areas due to the combined effects of habitat destruction and hunting, with functional loss extending far beyond the areas of species' extirpation. Very large protected areas, like Kaa‐Iya in Bolivia, are crucial for maintaining viable populations of top predators, highlighting the pressing need for increased protection and connectivity in the Chaco to prevent further trophic downgrading. More generally, our research underscores the value of spatially detailed, mechanistic models for disentangling the complex dynamics of multiple threats on ecological functioning at broad scales.

• Publisher: Wiley,John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Subject: Bolivia / carnivores / Deforestation / deforestation frontiers / Ecological function / Endangered & extinct species / Environmental degradation / Extinction / extinction drivers / Functionals / habitat destruction / Habitat loss / Habitats / human‐wildlife conflicts / Hunting / individual based models / Population / Population decline / population viability analysis / Populations / Predators / Protected areas / Puma / Reptiles & amphibians / species / threat interactions / Threats / tropical dry forests