Journal Article

Spatial–Spectral Mamba Model Integrating Topographic Information for Pegmatite Dike Segmentation in Deeply Incised Terrain

Yao, Yanqiang, Liao, Shibin, Guan, Hongzhong, Jing, Jianpeng, Zhang, Nannan, Zhang, Hao, Chen, Li, Chang, Jinyu, Tao, Jintao

2026

Overview

Lithium is a rare metal widely used in the renewable energy industry. The Altyn region in Xinjiang, China, contains abundant granitic pegmatite-type lithium resources; however, the deeply incised and complex terrain limits the accuracy of conventional two-dimensional remote sensing approaches for dike identification and segmentation. To address this limitation, a remote sensing segmentation method incorporating terrain information was proposed. A digital elevation model (DEM) derived from LiDAR data, together with its associated topographic factors, was integrated into the Spatial–Spectral Mamba framework to enable the joint utilization of spectral and terrain features. Rather than performing explicit three-dimensional geometric modeling, the proposed approach enhances a two-dimensional segmentation framework by introducing elevation-derived information, allowing the model to capture terrain-related spatial variations of pegmatite dikes. This design enables improved representation of both the planar distribution and terrain-influenced morphological characteristics of dikes under deeply incised conditions. The Xichanggou lithium deposit in the Altyn region is a large-scale, economically valuable pegmatite-type lithium deposit, and was therefore selected as the study area for pegmatite dike segmentation. The results demonstrated that, compared with conventional two-dimensional approaches and representative machine learning methods, the proposed method achieved higher segmentation accuracy in complex terrain. Improvements were also observed in the continuity and spatial consistency of the extracted dike patterns. Field verification indicated that the major pegmatite dikes delineated by the model were highly consistent with their actual surface exposures. Sampling analyses further confirmed the validity and reliability of the identification results. Overall, the terrain-integrated remote sensing segmentation approach exhibited good applicability and robustness under deeply incised and complex geomorphological conditions.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Accuracy / Algorithms / Beryllium / Comparative analysis / deeply incised terrain / Digital Elevation Models / Dikes / Dikes (Geology) / Efficiency / Elevation / Geology / Geomorphology / Identification / Identification and classification / Image segmentation / Lidar / Lithium / Lithology / Machine learning / Metamorphic rocks / Metamorphism / Methods / Mineral exploration / Mineralization / Mountain regions / Mountainous areas / Mountains / multispectral remote sensing / Optical radar / Osteoarthritis / Pegmatite / pegmatite dikes / Physical characteristics / Remote sensing / Renewable energy / Segmentation / Spatial variability / Spatial–Spectral Mamba / Technology application / Terrain / topographic integration / Topography / Unmanned aerial vehicles