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A review of Leishmania infections in American Phlebotomine sand flies – Are those that transmit leishmaniasis anthropophilic or anthropportunists?
by
Shaw, Jeffrey Jon
in
american sand flies
/ Animals
/ Dengue fever
/ Disease control
/ Disease transmission
/ Effectiveness
/ Environmental factors
/ Evaluation
/ Feeding Behavior
/ feeding habits
/ Flies
/ Genera
/ Health risks
/ Humans
/ Infections
/ Insect Vectors - classification
/ Insect Vectors - parasitology
/ Insect Vectors - physiology
/ Leishmania
/ Leishmania - classification
/ Leishmania - isolation & purification
/ Leishmania - physiology
/ Leishmaniasis
/ Leishmaniasis - epidemiology
/ Leishmaniasis - parasitology
/ Leishmaniasis - transmission
/ Lutzomyia
/ Malaria
/ Parasitic diseases
/ Psychodidae - classification
/ Psychodidae - parasitology
/ Psychodidae - physiology
/ Rare species
/ Risk assessment
/ Species
/ Tropical diseases
/ Vector-borne diseases
/ Vectors
/ Viral diseases
/ Zika virus
2025
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A review of Leishmania infections in American Phlebotomine sand flies – Are those that transmit leishmaniasis anthropophilic or anthropportunists?
by
Shaw, Jeffrey Jon
in
american sand flies
/ Animals
/ Dengue fever
/ Disease control
/ Disease transmission
/ Effectiveness
/ Environmental factors
/ Evaluation
/ Feeding Behavior
/ feeding habits
/ Flies
/ Genera
/ Health risks
/ Humans
/ Infections
/ Insect Vectors - classification
/ Insect Vectors - parasitology
/ Insect Vectors - physiology
/ Leishmania
/ Leishmania - classification
/ Leishmania - isolation & purification
/ Leishmania - physiology
/ Leishmaniasis
/ Leishmaniasis - epidemiology
/ Leishmaniasis - parasitology
/ Leishmaniasis - transmission
/ Lutzomyia
/ Malaria
/ Parasitic diseases
/ Psychodidae - classification
/ Psychodidae - parasitology
/ Psychodidae - physiology
/ Rare species
/ Risk assessment
/ Species
/ Tropical diseases
/ Vector-borne diseases
/ Vectors
/ Viral diseases
/ Zika virus
2025
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A review of Leishmania infections in American Phlebotomine sand flies – Are those that transmit leishmaniasis anthropophilic or anthropportunists?
by
Shaw, Jeffrey Jon
in
american sand flies
/ Animals
/ Dengue fever
/ Disease control
/ Disease transmission
/ Effectiveness
/ Environmental factors
/ Evaluation
/ Feeding Behavior
/ feeding habits
/ Flies
/ Genera
/ Health risks
/ Humans
/ Infections
/ Insect Vectors - classification
/ Insect Vectors - parasitology
/ Insect Vectors - physiology
/ Leishmania
/ Leishmania - classification
/ Leishmania - isolation & purification
/ Leishmania - physiology
/ Leishmaniasis
/ Leishmaniasis - epidemiology
/ Leishmaniasis - parasitology
/ Leishmaniasis - transmission
/ Lutzomyia
/ Malaria
/ Parasitic diseases
/ Psychodidae - classification
/ Psychodidae - parasitology
/ Psychodidae - physiology
/ Rare species
/ Risk assessment
/ Species
/ Tropical diseases
/ Vector-borne diseases
/ Vectors
/ Viral diseases
/ Zika virus
2025
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A review of Leishmania infections in American Phlebotomine sand flies – Are those that transmit leishmaniasis anthropophilic or anthropportunists?
Journal Article
A review of Leishmania infections in American Phlebotomine sand flies – Are those that transmit leishmaniasis anthropophilic or anthropportunists?
2025
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Overview
Understanding why Diptera, such as mosquitoes and sand flies, feed on humans is crucial in defining them as vectors of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and leishmaniasis. Determining their attraction to humans (anthropophily) helps in assessing the risk of disease transmission, designing effective vector control strategies, and monitoring the effectiveness of existing control measures. An important question is whether they are specifically attracted to humans in preference to other mammals or whether there is something else at play. In this paper, I propose that the idea that saying species are “anthropophilic” when they are preferentially attracted to humans is misleading and that such species are generalists that will opportunistically feed on a wide range of animals including humans when they are available. Other species are specialists that, under rare circumstances, accidently feed on humans. For these groups, I propose the names anthropportunists and anthroaccidentalists, respectively. The level of contact depends on a range of environmental factors and it is these that must be considered in evaluating potential vector importance and management. In this paper, I propose a review of the Leishmania identified in American sand flies and relate them to these two concepts and how it is linked to taxonomic groups, evolution, and ecology. There are records of Leishmania in 91 species, which is only 16.5% of American sand fly species. Of these infections, 56.7% are in the genera Lutzomyia, Nyssomyia, Pintomyia , and Psychodopygus , which are typically generalist anthropportunists. Of the species considered to be proven vectors, 77.4% belong to these four genera. As infections were detected by a variety of methods, further case-by-case field studies are required to evaluate the vectorial role of many of the sand fly species in which Leishmania have been found. Comprendre pourquoi les diptères, tels que les moustiques et les phlébotomes, se nourrissent de l’homme est essentiel pour les définir comme vecteurs de maladies telles que le paludisme, la dengue, le virus Zika et la leishmaniose. Déterminer leur attirance pour l’homme (anthropophilie) permet d’évaluer le risque de transmission de maladies, de concevoir des stratégies efficaces de lutte antivectorielle et de surveiller l’efficacité des mesures de contrôle existantes. La question est de savoir s’ils sont spécifiquement attirés par l’homme plutôt que par d’autres mammifères, ou existe-t-il un autre concept sous-jacent ? Dans cet article, je propose que l’idée selon laquelle les espèces sont préférentiellement attirées par l’homme lorsqu’on les qualifie d’« anthropophiles » est trompeuse et que ces espèces sont généralistes et se nourrissent opportunément d’un large éventail d’animaux, y compris l’homme lorsqu’il est disponible. D’autres sont des spécialistes qui, dans de rares cas, se nourrissent accidentellement de l’homme. Pour ces groupes, je propose respectivement les termes anthropoportunistes et anthropoaccidentels. Le niveau de contact dépend de divers facteurs environnementaux, et ce sont ces derniers qui doivent être pris en compte pour évaluer l’importance potentielle du vecteur et sa gestion. Cet article passe en revue les Leishmania identifiées chez les phlébotomes américains et les relie à ces deux concepts, ainsi qu’à leurs liens avec les groupes taxonomiques, l’évolution et l’écologie. On a recensé des Leishmania dans 91 espèces, soit seulement 16,5 % des espèces de phlébotomes américains. Parmi ces infections, 56,7 % concernent les genres Lutzomyia , Nyssomyia , Pintomyia et Psychodopygus , qui sont typiquement anthropoportunistes généralistes. Parmi les espèces considérées comme vecteurs avérés, 77,4 % appartiennent à ces quatre genres. Les infections ayant été détectées par diverses méthodes, des études de terrain supplémentaires, au cas par cas, sont nécessaires pour évaluer le rôle vectoriel de nombreuses espèces de phlébotomes chez lesquelles des Leishmania ont été trouvées.
Publisher
EDP Sciences
Subject
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