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A structural overview of the plasma membrane Na+,K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase ion pumps
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A structural overview of the plasma membrane Na+,K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase ion pumps
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Journal Article
A structural overview of the plasma membrane Na+,K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase ion pumps
2011
Overview
Key Points
Ions are transported across the plasma membrane by molecular pumps to generate chemical gradients and regulate pH or cell growth.
P-type ATPases are a family of molecular pumps that transport cations in or outside the cell. Members of this family include the Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase (found in animals) and the H
+
-ATPase (found in plants and fungi). The Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase exchanges Na
+
for K
+
and the H
+
-ATPase pumps H
+
out of the cell.
P-type ATPases undergo conformational changes as part of their functional cycle, giving rise to two enzymatic states, E1 and E2, with different affinities for the primary transported ions.
P-type ATPases contain a cytoplasmic core comprising the phosphorylation, nucleotide-binding and actuator domains. These carry out autophosphatase activities and are responsible for ATP hydrolysis.
All P-type ATPases have six transmembrane helices (M1–M6). The Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase and the H
+
-ATPase have additional transmembrane helices (M7–M10) that may provide specificity or stability in the Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase and the H
+
-ATPase, respectively.
Many P-type ATPases also have regulatory domains that fine-tune their activity in ion pumping.
Crystal structures and functional studies of the Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase and the H
+
-ATPase have provided insight into their mechanisms of action in eukaryotic cells.
ATPases transport ions into and out of cells to maintain ion concentration gradients and control aspects of the cellular environment, such as pH. Structural studies of the Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase, which transports Na
+
and K
+
, and the H
+
-ATPase, which transports H
+
, have provided insights into their functions in eukaryotic cells.
Plasma membrane ATPases are primary active transporters of cations that maintain steep concentration gradients. The ion gradients and membrane potentials derived from them form the basis for a range of essential cellular processes, in particular Na
+
-dependent and proton-dependent secondary transport systems that are responsible for uptake and extrusion of metabolites and other ions. The ion gradients are also both directly and indirectly used to control pH homeostasis and to regulate cell volume. The plasma membrane H
+
-ATPase maintains a proton gradient in plants and fungi and the Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase maintains a Na
+
and K
+
gradient in animal cells. Structural information provides insight into the function of these two distinct but related P-type pumps.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 631/535
/ Animals
/ Biology
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Cations
/ Exports
/ Humans
/ Ions
/ Plasma
/ Proton-Translocating ATPases - chemistry
/ Proton-Translocating ATPases - metabolism
/ Protons
/ Pumps
/ Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase - chemistry
