Journal Article

Simultaneous in-air and underwater 3D kinematic analysis of swimmers: Feasibility and reliability of action sport cameras

Cerveri, Pietro, Monnet, Tony, Bernardina, Gustavo Ramos Dalla, Silvatti, Amanda Piaia, de Andrade, André Gustavo Pereira

2024

Overview

This study explored the potential of reconstructing the 3D motion of a swimmer’s hands with accuracy and consistency using action sport cameras (ASC) distributed in-air and underwater. To record at least two stroke cycles of an athlete performing a front crawl task, the cameras were properly calibrated to cover an acquisition volume of 3 m in X, 8 m in Y, and 3.5 m in Z axis, approximately. Camera calibration was attained by applying bundle adjustment in both environments. A testing wand, carrying two markers, was acquired to evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction accuracy in-air, underwater, and over the water transition. The global 3D accuracy (mean absolute error) was less than 1.5 mm. The standard error of measurement and the coefficient of variation were smaller than 1 mm and 1%, respectively, revealing that the camera calibration procedure was highly repeatable. No significant correlation between the error magnitude (percentage error during the test and the retest sessions: 1.2 to 0.8%) and the transition from in-air to underwater was observed. The feasibility of the hand motion reconstruction was demonstrated by recording five swimmers during the front crawl stroke, in three different tasks performed at increasing efforts. Intra-class correlation confirmed the optimal agreement (ICC>0.90) among repeated stroke cycles of the same swimmer, irrespective of task effort. Skewness, close to 0, and kurtosis, close to 3.5, supported the hypothesis of negligible effects of the calibration and tracking errors on the motion and speed patterns. In conclusion, we may argue that ASCs, equipped with a robust bundle adjustment camera calibration technique, ensure reliable reconstruction of swimming motion in in-air and underwater large volumes.

• Publisher: Elsevier Ltd,Elsevier Limited,Elsevier
• Subject: Accuracy / Action sport cameras / Biomechanical Phenomena / Biomechanics / Bundle adjustment / Calibration / Cameras / Coefficient of variation / Engineering Sciences / Error analysis / Feasibility Studies / Female / Hand - physiology / Humans / Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods / In-air/underwater camera calibration / Kinematics / Kurtosis / Male / Mechanics / Reconstruction / Reproducibility of Results / Standard error / Swimming / Swimming - physiology / Swimming motion tracking / Three dimensional motion / Tracking errors / Underwater / Video Recording - methods / Young Adult