Journal Article

Validation of a Swine Cough Monitoring System Under Field Conditions

Costa, Leandro B., Garrido, Luís F. C., Kurtz, Diego J., Rodrigues, Gabriel S. T., Daros, Ruan R.

2025

Overview

Precision livestock farming technologies support health monitoring on farms, yet few studies have evaluated their effectiveness under field conditions using reliable gold standards. This study evaluated a commercially available technology for detecting cough sounds in pigs on a commercial farm. Audio was recorded over six days using 16 microphones across two pig barns. A total of 1110 cough sounds were labelled by an on-site observer using a cough induction methodology, and 8938 other sounds from farm recordings and open-source datasets (ESC-50, UrbanSound8K, and AudioSet) were labelled. A hybrid deep learning model combining Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks was trained and evaluated using these labels. A total of 34 audio features were extracted from 1 s segments, including validated descriptors (e.g., MFCC), unverified external features, and proprietary features. Features were evaluated through 10-fold cross-validation based on classification performance and runtime, resulting in eight final features. The final model showed high performance (recall = 98.6%, specificity = 99.7%, precision = 98.8%, accuracy = 99.6%, F1-score = 98.6%). The technology tested was shown to be efficient for monitoring cough sounds in a commercial swine production facility. It is recommended to test the technology in other environments to evaluate the effectiveness in different farm settings.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: agricultural innovation / Agricultural technology / Algorithms / animal monitoring / Animals / Artificial neural networks / Commercial farms / Cough / Data collection / Datasets / Deep learning / Effectiveness / Farm buildings / Farms / Feeds / Hogs / Labeling / Livestock / Livestock farming / Livestock housing / Machine learning / Microphones / Neural networks / Performance evaluation / pigs / Precision agriculture / precision livestock farming / Recurrent neural networks / respiratory disease / Respiratory diseases / smart farming / Sound / Swine / Swine production / Systematic review / Technology