Journal Article

Nomenclature for Tracking of Genetic Variation of Seasonal Influenza Viruses

Wentworth, David E., Subbarao, Kanta, Barr, Ian, Galiano, Monica, Łuksza, Marta, Lewis, Nicola S., Watanabe, Shinji, Laessig, Michael, Dapat, Clyde, James, Sarah, Ruchnewitz, Denis, Bedford, Trevor, Fujisaki, Seiichiro, Hassell, Norman, Kondor, Rebecca, Byrne, Alexander M. P., Smith, Derek, Neher, Richard A., Huddleston, John, Harvey, Ruth, Deng, Yi Mo, Hasegawa, Hideki

2026

Overview

Genomic surveillance of human seasonal influenza viruses is an essential component of the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response system (GISRS) and informs the recommendations for the seasonal influenza vaccine composition. Phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences is used to identify groups of viruses sharing potential antigenic change, and computational models are used to predict which viral variants are likely to circulate at high levels in upcoming seasons. To facilitate discussion and reporting of genetic diversity, as well as to communicate antigen recommendations, up-to-date and sufficiently granular definitions of genetic clades are important. We implemented a nomenclature system for Segments 4 (haemagglutinin) and 6 (neuraminidase) of human Influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09, and Influenza B that dynamically adapts to the diversity of circulating viruses. New subclades were proposed by a clade suggestion algorithm based on criteria including (i) the number of sequences in the group, (ii) the distance from the direct parent clade, and (iii) the weighted number of amino acid substitutions on the branch leading to the common ancestor of the subclade. Algorithmic clade proposals were reviewed and assigned a systematic hierarchical label consisting of a leading letter, followed by numbers (e.g., G.1.3). Names are kept short by aliasing that is collapsing prefixes into unique letters. Subclade definitions are shared openly to promote adoption and tool development. Nextclade is supporting this new nomenclature, and it is being used routinely by the GISRS network. With increasing genomic surveillance, the need for up-to-date classification schemes is growing and we hope that the current dynamic proposal will adapt to growing data volumes and aid in simplifying the interpretation of these data.

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,Wiley
• Subject: Algorithms / Amino acids / Analysis / Antigens / Biological diversity / Exo-a-sialidase / Gene sequencing / Genetic diversity / Genetic Variation / Genomes / Genomic analysis / Genomics / Glycoproteins / Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus - genetics / Hemagglutinins / Humans / Influenza / Influenza A / Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - classification / Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - genetics / Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - classification / Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - genetics / Influenza B / Influenza B virus - classification / Influenza B virus - genetics / Influenza vaccines / Influenza, Human - epidemiology / Influenza, Human - virology / Information management / Mathematical models / Names / Neuraminidase - genetics / Nomenclature / Nomenclatures / Original / Phylogenetics / Phylogeny / Seasons / Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 / Surveillance / Terminology as Topic / Vaccines / Viruses