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Antagonistic interactions between phage and host factors control arbitrium lysis–lysogeny decision
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Antagonistic interactions between phage and host factors control arbitrium lysis–lysogeny decision
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Journal Article
Antagonistic interactions between phage and host factors control arbitrium lysis–lysogeny decision
2024
Overview
Phages can use a small-molecule communication arbitrium system to coordinate lysis–lysogeny decisions, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we determined that the arbitrium system in
Bacillus subtilis
phage phi3T modulates the bacterial toxin–antitoxin system MazE–MazF to regulate the phage life cycle. We show that phi3T expresses AimX and YosL, which bind to and inactivate MazF. AimX also inhibits the function of phi3T_93, a protein that promotes lysogeny by binding to MazE and releasing MazF. Overall, these mutually exclusive interactions promote the lytic cycle of the phage. After several rounds of infection, the phage-encoded AimP peptide accumulates intracellularly and inactivates the phage antiterminator AimR, a process that eliminates
aim
X expression from the
aim
P promoter. Therefore, when AimP increases, MazF activity promotes reversion back to lysogeny, since AimX is absent. Altogether, our study reveals the evolutionary strategy used by arbitrium to control lysis–lysogeny by domesticating and fine-tuning a phage-defence mechanism.
The phage-encoded arbitrium communication system controls the activity of the host bacterial toxin–antitoxin system MazE–MazF to regulate lysis–lysogeny decision.
