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Bolometer operating at the threshold for circuit quantum electrodynamics
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Bolometer operating at the threshold for circuit quantum electrodynamics
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Journal Article
Bolometer operating at the threshold for circuit quantum electrodynamics
2020
Overview
Radiation sensors based on the heating effect of absorbed radiation are typically simple to operate and flexible in terms of input frequency, so they are widely used in gas detection
1
, security
2
, terahertz imaging
3
, astrophysical observations
4
and medical applications
5
. Several important applications are currently emerging from quantum technology and especially from electrical circuits that behave quantum mechanically, that is, circuit quantum electrodynamics
6
. This field has given rise to single-photon microwave detectors
7
–
9
and a quantum computer that is superior to classical supercomputers for certain tasks
10
. Thermal sensors hold potential for enhancing such devices because they do not add quantum noise and they are smaller, simpler and consume about six orders of magnitude less power than the frequently used travelling-wave parametric amplifiers
11
. However, despite great progress in the speed
12
and noise levels
13
of thermal sensors, no bolometer has previously met the threshold for circuit quantum electrodynamics, which lies at a time constant of a few hundred nanoseconds and a simultaneous energy resolution of the order of 10
h
gigahertz (where
h
is the Planck constant). Here we experimentally demonstrate a bolometer that operates at this threshold, with a noise-equivalent power of 30 zeptowatts per square-root hertz, comparable to the lowest value reported so far
13
, at a thermal time constant two orders of magnitude shorter, at 500 nanoseconds. Both of these values are measured directly on the same device, giving an accurate estimation of 30
h
gigahertz for the calorimetric energy resolution. These improvements stem from the use of a graphene monolayer with extremely low specific heat
14
as the active material. The minimum observed time constant of 200 nanoseconds is well below the dephasing times of roughly 100 microseconds reported for superconducting qubits
15
and matches the timescales of currently used readout schemes
16
,
17
, thus enabling circuit quantum electrodynamics applications for bolometers.
A thermal detector based on a graphene monolayer operates at the threshold for circuit quantum electrodynamics applications, achieving a minimum time constant of 200 ns.
