Journal Article

Monitoring the extent of vertical and lateral movement of human decomposition products through sediment using cholesterol as a biomarker

Roberts, Richard G., Forbes, Shari L., Luong, Susan, Wallman, James F.

2018

Overview

•Movement of human remains through the underlying soil and sediment were monitored.•Vertical leaching was detected up to a depth of 49cm below the ground surface.•The greatest extent of vertical penetration was found directly beneath the torso.•Lateral leaching was detected 2.5m from the torso centre; distance may be further.•Methodology and data can be applied to environmental monitoring and forensic casework. Due to the lack of human decomposition research facilities available in different geographical regions, the extent of movement of human decomposition products from a cadaver into various sedimentary environments, in different climates, has not been able to be studied in detail. In our study, a human cadaver was placed on the surface of a designated plot at the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research (AFTER), the only human decomposition facility in Australia, where the natural process of decomposition was allowed to progress over 14days in the Australian summer. Sediment columns (approximately 1m deep) were collected at lateral distances of 0.25m, 0.5m, 1.0m and 2.5m in each of four directions from the centre of the torso. Plot elevation and weather data were also collected. Each sediment column was subdivided, dried and homogenised. A sample was isolated from each sediment subdivision, extracted with hexane, and the hexane extract cleaned with citrate buffer (pH 3), filtered and spiked with cholesterol-D7 internal standard. After derivatisation with BSTFA+1% TMCS, cholesterol was monitored in the samples using targeted gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. A positive result for decomposition products was given if the cholesterol abundance in the test sample was higher than that detected in the ‘control’ samples of a similar substrate type collected prior to cadaver placement. Within the confines of the experimental design and the measured parameters, lateral leaching was observed over distances of up to 2.5m from the centre of the torso, which was the maximum distance tested in the study. Vertical leaching was detected to depths of up to 49cm below the ground surface. Such data can aid the development of policies related to plot sizing and sediment renewal and regeneration at other human decomposition facilities and at cemeteries. The density and distribution of cholesterol surrounding the cadaver in this study can also help forensic investigators interpret cases involving remains that have been moved or scavenged.

• Publisher: Elsevier B.V,Elsevier Limited
• Subject: Australia / Bioindicators / Biomarkers / buffers / Carbohydrates / Cemeteries / Cholesterol / Chromatography / citrates / Citric acid / cleaning / Climate / Decomposition / derivatization / Design of experiments / Design parameters / experimental design / Experimental research / Fatty acids / Forensic engineering / Forensic science / Forensic sciences / Gas chromatography / GC–MS / hexane / Human decomposition / Human motion / Human remains / humans / issues and policy / Leaching / Lipids / Mass spectrometry / Mass spectroscopy / Meteorological data / monitoring / Regeneration / Research facilities / Scientific imaging / Sedimentary environments / Sediments / Software / Soil analysis / Sterols / Substrates / summer / tandem mass spectrometry / Taphonomy / Torso / VOCs / Volatile organic compounds