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Journal Article
Redirecting immune signaling with cytokine adaptors
2025
Overview
Cytokines are signaling molecules that coordinate complex immune processes and are frequently dysregulated in disease. While cytokine blockade has become a common therapeutic modality, cytokine agonism has had limited utility due to the widespread expression of cytokine receptors with pleiotropic effects. To overcome this limitation, we devise an approach to engineer molecular switches, termed cytokine adaptors, that transform one cytokine signal into an alternative signal with a different functional output. Endogenous cytokines act to nucleate the adaptors, converting the cytokine–adaptor complex into a surrogate agonist for a different cytokine pathway. In this way, cytokine adaptors, which have no intrinsic agonist activity, can function as conditional, context-dependent agonists. We develop cytokine adaptors that convert IL-10 or TGF-β into IL-2 receptor agonists to reverse T cell suppression. We also convert the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-23 or IL-17 into immunosuppressive IL-10 receptor agonists. Thus, we show that cytokine adaptors can convert immunosuppressive cytokines into immunostimulatory cytokines, or vice versa. Unlike other methods of immune conversion that require cell engineering, cytokine adaptors are soluble molecules that leverage endogenous cues from the microenvironment to drive context-specific signaling.
Cytokines are immune signaling molecules that are frequently dysregulated in disease. Here, the authors create engineered cytokine ‘adaptors,’ molecular switches that simultaneously block a target cytokine while inducing local activation of alternative cytokine receptors.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
Subject
/ 82/80
/ 82/83
/ 96
/ 96/21
/ 96/31
/ Adapters
/ Agonists
/ Animals
/ Context
/ Humanities and Social Sciences
/ Humans
/ Mice
/ Receptors, Interleukin-10 - agonists
/ Receptors, Interleukin-2 - agonists
/ Receptors, Interleukin-2 - metabolism
/ Science
/ Signal Transduction - immunology
/ Switches
/ Transforming Growth Factor beta - immunology
