Journal Article

Evaluating the factor structure and construct validity of the NIH toolbox in older adults, with a focus on cognitive normalcy and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: considerations for diversity, including insights from persons over 85 years of age and Black older Americans

Nowinski, Cindy J., Gergoire, Allyson, Pal, Subhamoy, Rose, Savannah, Maher, Amanda Cook, Slotkin, Jerry, Reader, Jonathan, Giordani, Bruno, Gershon, Richard, Weintraub, Sandy, Ho, Emily, Persad, Carol C, Bhaumik, Arijit

2025

Overview

Validated computerized assessments for cognitive functioning are crucial for older individuals and those at risk of cognitive decline. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) exhibits good construct validity but requires validation in diverse populations and for adults aged 85+. This study uses data from the Assessing Reliable Measurement in Alzheimer's Disease and cognitive Aging study to explore differences in the factor structure of the NIHTB-CB for adults 85 and older, Black participants versus White participants, and those diagnosed as amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) vs cognitively normal (CN). Subtests from the NACC UDS-3 and NIHTB-CB were administered to 503 community-dwelling Black and White adults ages 55-99 (367 CN; 136 aMCI). Confirmatory factor analyses were used to investigate the original factor structure of NIHTB-CB that forms the basis for NIHTB-CD Index factor scores. Factor analyses for all participants and some participant subsets (aMCI, White, 85+) substantiated the two anticipated factors (Fluid and Crystallized). However, while Black aMCI participants had the expected two-factor structure, for Black CN participants, the List Sorting Working Memory and Picture Sequence tests loaded on the Crystallized factor. Findings provide psychometric support for the NIHTB-CB. Differences in factor structure between Black CN individuals and Black aMCI individuals suggest potential instability across levels of cognitive impairment. Future research should explore changes in NIHTB-CB across diagnoses in different populations.

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Subject: Age / Aged / Aged, 80 and over / Aging / Alzheimer's disease / Amnesia - diagnosis / Amnesia - ethnology / Black or African American / Cognition & reasoning / Cognitive ability / Cognitive Dysfunction - diagnosis / Cognitive Dysfunction - ethnology / Dementia / Demography / Education / Executive function / Factor Analysis, Statistical / Female / Females / Humans / Male / Memory / Middle Aged / Minority & ethnic groups / National Institutes of Health (U.S.) - standards / Neurodegenerative diseases / Neuropsychological Tests - standards / Neuropsychology / Older people / Psychometrics - standards / Reproducibility of Results / United States / Validity / White