Journal Article

Autonomy and Children's Reactions to Being Controlled: Evidence That Both Compliance and Defiance May Be Positive Markers in Early Development

Dix, Theodore, Day, William H., Stewart, Amanda D., Gershoff, Elizabeth T.

2007

Overview

This study examined reactions of 1-year-olds and young 2-year-olds to being controlled by mothers. Mothers' supportive behavior predicted children's willing compliance. However, contrary to research with older children, defiance was also associated with variables linked to maternal competence, specifically, mothers' supportive behavior, autonomy-granting controls, and low depressive symptoms. At this age high-defiant children initiated positive interaction with mothers more than did low-defiant children. With age, children displayed more willing compliance and more active resistance (defiance, low passivity). However, developmental increases in active resistance were absent when mothers were high in depressive symptoms. Findings are consistent with the proposal that in early development active resistance to parents often reflects children's motivation to control events, not poor parenting or strained parent - child relationships.

• Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Inc,Blackwell Publishers,Blackwell Publishing,Blackwell,Oxford University Press
• Subject: Assertiveness / Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - psychology / Autonomy / Behavioral Science Research / Biological and medical sciences / Child / Child Behavior / Child development / Child, Preschool / Childhood mental disorders / Children / Compliance / Compliance (Psychology) / Control / Cooperative Behavior / Defiance / Denial / Depression / Depression (Psychology) / Depressive disorders / Developmental psychology / Empirical Articles / Family studies / Female / Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology / Humans / Individuation / Infant / Internal-External Control / Male / Mental depression / Mother-Child Relations / Motherhood / Mothers / Motivation / Older children / Parent Influence / Parent-child relations / Parent-Child relationships / Parenting / Parenting - psychology / Parenting Styles / Parents / Parents & parenting / Passivity / Personal Autonomy / Personal relationships / Personality Assessment / Personality Development / Psychological Studies / Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry / Psychology. Psychophysiology / Resistance / Resistance (Psychology) / Risk Factors / Social relations / Socialization / Studies / Temperament / Toddlers