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Hepatitis E and Pregnancy: An Unholy Alliance Unmasked from Kashmir, India
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Hepatitis E and Pregnancy: An Unholy Alliance Unmasked from Kashmir, India
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Journal Article
Hepatitis E and Pregnancy: An Unholy Alliance Unmasked from Kashmir, India
2021
Overview
The adverse relationship between viral hepatitis and pregnancy in developing countries had been interpreted as a reflection of retrospectively biased hospital-based data collection by the West. However, the discovery of hepatitis E virus (HEV) as the etiological agent of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis in Kashmir, and the documenting of the increased incidence and severity of hepatitis E in pregnancy via a house-to-house survey, unmasked this unholy alliance. In the Hepeviridae family, HEV-genotype (gt)1 from genus Orthohepevirus A has a unique open reading frame (ORF)4-encoded protein which enhances viral polymerase activity and viral replication. The epidemics caused by HEV-gt1, but not any other Orthohepevirus A genotype, show an adverse relationship with pregnancy in humans. The pathogenesis of the association is complex and at present not well understood. Possibly multiple factors play a role in causing severe liver disease in the pregnant women including infection and damage to the maternal-fetal interface by HEV-gt1; vertical transmission of HEV to fetus causing severe fetal/neonatal hepatitis; and combined viral and hormone related immune dysfunction of diverse nature in the pregnant women, promoting viral replication. Management is multidisciplinary and needs a close watch for the development and management of acute liver failure. (ALF). Preliminary data suggest beneficial maternal outcomes by early termination of pregnancy in patients with lower grades of encephalopathy.
Publisher
MDPI AG,MDPI
Subject
/ Female
/ fetus
/ Fetuses
/ Genotype
/ Hepatitis E virus - classification
/ Hepatitis E virus - genetics
/ Humans
/ India
/ Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
/ LDCs
/ Liver Failure, Acute - virology
/ Neonates
/ Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - epidemiology
/ Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - virology
/ Review
/ surveys
