Journal Article

Progress in Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccine Development Based on Molecular Characteristics of EBV Target Antigens

Rozman, Marija, Židovec Lepej, Snjezana, Korać, Petra, Jambrosic, Karlo

2022

Overview

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was discovered in 1964 in the cell line of Burkitt lymphoma and became first known human oncogenic virus. EBV belongs to the Herpesviridae family, and is present worldwide as it infects 95% of people. Infection with EBV usually happens during childhood when it remains asymptomatic; however, in adults, it can cause an acute infection known as infectious mononucleosis. In addition, EBV can cause wide range of tumors with origins in B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NK cells. Its oncogenicity and wide distribution indicated the need for vaccine development. Research on mice and cultured cells as well as human clinical trials have been in progress for a few decades for both prophylactic and therapeutic EBV vaccines. The main targets of the vaccines are EBV envelope glycoproteins such as gp350 and EBV latent genes. The long wait for the EBV vaccine is due to the complexity of the EBV replication cycle and the wide range of its host cells. Although some strategies such as the use of dendritic cells and recombinant Vaccinia viral vectors have shown success, ongoing clinical trials using mRNA-based vaccines as well as new delivery systems as nanoparticles are yet to show the best choice of vaccine target and its production strategy.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,MDPI
• Subject: Antigens / Apoptosis / Autoimmune diseases / Burkitt's lymphoma / carcinogenicity / Care and treatment / cell lines / childhood / Children / Clinical trials / Control / Coronaviruses / COVID-19 vaccines / Dendritic cells / Diagnosis / Dosage and administration / EBV and immune response / EBV mRNA vaccine / EBV replication cycle / Enzymes / Epstein-Barr virus / Gene expression / Genomes / Glycoproteins / Human gammaherpesvirus 4 / humans / Identification and classification / Immune system / Infections / Infectious mononucleosis / Kinases / Lymphocytes / Lymphocytes B / Lymphocytes T / Lymphoma / Lymphomas / Mononucleosis / mRNA / Multiple sclerosis / Nanoparticles / Natural killer cells / oncogenic viruses / people / prophylactic EBV vaccine / Proteins / Review / Risk factors / Signal transduction / Testing / therapeutic EBV vaccine / therapeutics / Transcription factors / Tumors / Vaccine development / Vaccines / Vaccinia / Vectors / Viral vaccines / Viruses