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Noroviruses—The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery
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Noroviruses—The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery
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Noroviruses—The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery
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Journal Article
Noroviruses—The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery
2021
Overview
Human noroviruses are recognised as the major global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we provide an overview of notable advances in norovirus research and provide a short recap of the novel model systems to which much of the recent progress is owed. Significant advances include an updated classification system, the description of alternative virus-like protein morphologies and capsid dynamics, and the further elucidation of the functions and roles of various viral proteins. Important milestones include new insights into cell tropism, host and microbial attachment factors and receptors, interactions with the cellular translational apparatus, and viral egress from cells. Noroviruses have been detected in previously unrecognised hosts and detection itself is facilitated by improved analytical techniques. New potential transmission routes and/or viral reservoirs have been proposed. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings have added to the understanding of host immunity in response to norovirus infection, and vaccine development has progressed to preclinical and even clinical trial testing. Ongoing development of therapeutics includes promising direct-acting small molecules and host-factor drugs.
Publisher
MDPI AG,Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI),MDPI
Subject
/ Animals
/ Caliciviridae Infections - diagnosis
/ Caliciviridae Infections - epidemiology
/ Caliciviridae Infections - immunology
/ Caliciviridae Infections - transmission
/ capsid
/ clinic
/ genome
/ Genomes
/ Humans
/ immunity
/ Immunologie & maladie infectieuse
/ Immunology & infectious disease
/ Mice
/ Proteins
/ Review
/ Sciences de la santé humaine
/ Symmetry
/ Tropism
/ virion
