Journal Article

Sleep Stage Classification in Children Using Self-Attention and Gaussian Noise Data Augmentation

Shirahama, Kimiaki, Nisar, Muhammad Adeel, Piet, Artur, Irshad, Muhammad Tausif, Grzegorzek, Marcin, Huang, Xinyu

2023

Overview

The analysis of sleep stages for children plays an important role in early diagnosis and treatment. This paper introduces our sleep stage classification method addressing the following two challenges: the first is the data imbalance problem, i.e., the highly skewed class distribution with underrepresented minority classes. For this, a Gaussian Noise Data Augmentation (GNDA) algorithm was applied to polysomnography recordings to seek the balance of data sizes for different sleep stages. The second challenge is the difficulty in identifying a minority class of sleep stages, given their short sleep duration and similarities to other stages in terms of EEG characteristics. To overcome this, we developed a DeConvolution- and Self-Attention-based Model (DCSAM) which can inverse the feature map of a hidden layer to the input space to extract local features and extract the correlations between all possible pairs of features to distinguish sleep stages. The results on our dataset show that DCSAM based on GNDA obtains an accuracy of 90.26% and a macro F1-score of 86.51% which are higher than those of our previous method. We also tested DCSAM on a well-known public dataset—Sleep-EDFX—to prove whether it is applicable to sleep data from adults. It achieves a comparable performance to state-of-the-art methods, especially accuracies of 91.77%, 92.54%, 94.73%, and 95.30% for six-stage, five-stage, four-stage, and three-stage classification, respectively. These results imply that our DCSAM based on GNDA has a great potential to offer performance improvements in various medical domains by considering the data imbalance problems and correlations among features in time series data.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,MDPI
• Subject: Accuracy / Adult / Algorithms / biomedical multivariate signal processing / Child / Classification / Computational linguistics / data imbalance problem / Drama / Electroencephalography / Electroencephalography - methods / Eye movements / Gaussian noise data augmentation / Humans / Language processing / Learning / Natural language interfaces / Neural networks / Polysomnography - methods / self-attention mechanism / Sleep / Sleep apnea / sleep stage classification in children / Sleep Stages