Journal Article

Modeling of waning immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and influencing factors

Hansen, Cecilie Bo, Pries-Heje, Mia Marie, Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth, Bayarri-Olmos, Rafael, Jarlhelt, Ida, Larsen, Margit Anita Hørup, Armenteros, Jose Juan Almagro, Hamm, Sebastian Rask, Rosbjerg, Anne, Hilsted, Linda Maria, Madsen, Johannes Roth, Iversen, Kasper Karmark, Fogh, Kamille, Garred, Peter, Hasselbalch, Rasmus Bo, Nielsen, Susanne Dam, Ostrowski, Sisse Rye, Brunak, Søren, Pérez-Alós, Laura, Heftdal, Line Dam, Bundgaard, Henning, Møller, Dina Leth, Sørensen, Erik

2022

Overview

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are crucial in controlling COVID-19, but knowledge of which factors determine waning immunity is limited. We examined antibody levels and T-cell gamma-interferon release after two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine or a combination of ChAdOx1-nCoV19 and BNT162b2 vaccines for up to 230 days after the first dose. Generalized mixed models with and without natural cubic splines were used to determine immunity over time. Antibody responses were influenced by natural infection, sex, and age. IgA only became significant in naturally infected. A one-year IgG projection suggested an initial two-phase response in those given the second dose delayed (ChAdOx1/BNT162b2) followed by a more rapid decrease of antibody levels. T-cell responses correlated significantly with IgG antibody responses. Our results indicate that IgG levels will drop at different rates depending on prior infection, age, sex, T-cell response, and the interval between vaccine injections. Only natural infection mounted a significant and lasting IgA response. This study investigates the dynamics of immunological markers after first SARS-CoV-2 vaccination dose in cohort of healthcare professionals in Denmark. Natural infection was associated with higher antibody responses, and IgG decline varied by age, sex, T-cell response, previous infection, and interval between vaccine doses.

• Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
• Subject: 631/250/2152 / 631/250/255 / 631/326/596/4130 / 82/1 / 82/56 / Age / Antibodies / Antibodies, Viral / BNT162 Vaccine / COVID-19 / COVID-19 - prevention & control / COVID-19 Vaccines / Humanities and Social Sciences / Humans / IgG antibody / Immunity / Immunoglobulin A / Immunoglobulin G / Immunology / Infections / Interferon / Lymphocytes T / multidisciplinary / SARS-CoV-2 / Science / Science (multidisciplinary) / Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 / Sex / Vaccination / Vaccines / Vaccines, Inactivated / Viral Vaccines / γ-Interferon