Journal Article

Structural basis of ketamine action on human NMDA receptors

Zhou, Liping, Ye, Fei, Zhang, Youyi, Guo, Fei, Du, Daohai, Lin, He, Luo, Cheng, Zhu, Shujia, Lv, Shiyun, Zhang, Tongtong

2021

Overview

Ketamine is a non-competitive channel blocker of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors 1 . A single sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine produces rapid (within hours) and long-lasting antidepressant effects in patients who are resistant to other antidepressants 2 , 3 . Ketamine is a racemic mixture containing equal parts of ( R )- and ( S )-ketamine, with the ( S )-enantiomer having greater affinity for the NMDA receptor 4 . Here we describe the cryo-electron microscope structures of human GluN1–GluN2A and GluN1–GluN2B NMDA receptors in complex with S -ketamine, glycine and glutamate. Both electron density maps uncovered the binding pocket for S -ketamine in the central vestibule between the channel gate and selectivity filter. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that S -ketamine moves between two distinct locations within the binding pocket. Two amino acids—leucine 642 on GluN2A (homologous to leucine 643 on GluN2B) and asparagine 616 on GluN1—were identified as key residues that form hydrophobic and hydrogen-bond interactions with ketamine, and mutations at these residues reduced the potency of ketamine in blocking NMDA receptor channel activity. These findings show structurally how ketamine binds to and acts on human NMDA receptors, and pave the way for the future development of ketamine-based antidepressants. Structures of ketamine bound to human NMDA receptors show how ketamine inhibits receptor activity.

• Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
• Subject: 101/28 / 631/378/2586 / 631/535/1258/1259 / 82/80 / 82/83 / Amino acids / Antidepressants / Antidepressive Agents - chemistry / Antidepressive Agents - metabolism / Antidepressive Agents - pharmacology / Asparagine / Asparagine - chemistry / Asparagine - metabolism / Binding / Binding Sites / Channel gating / Chemical properties / Cryoelectron Microscopy / Dosage and administration / Electron density / Enantiomers / Glutamate receptors / Glutamic Acid - chemistry / Glutamic Acid - metabolism / Glutamic Acid - pharmacology / Glutamic acid receptors (ionotropic) / Glycine / Glycine - chemistry / Glycine - metabolism / Glycine - pharmacology / Health aspects / Homology / Humanities and Social Sciences / Humans / Hydrogen / Hydrogen Bonding / Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions / Hydrophobicity / Ketamine / Ketamine - chemistry / Ketamine - metabolism / Ketamine - pharmacology / Leucine / Leucine - chemistry / Leucine - metabolism / Ligands / Medical research / Medicine, Experimental / Methyl aspartate / Molecular dynamics / Molecular Dynamics Simulation / multidisciplinary / Mutation / N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors / Nerve Tissue Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors / Nerve Tissue Proteins - chemistry / Nerve Tissue Proteins - metabolism / Nerve Tissue Proteins - ultrastructure / Receptors / Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - antagonists & inhibitors / Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - chemistry / Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - metabolism / Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - ultrastructure / Residues / Science / Science (multidisciplinary) / Selectivity / Simulation / Vestibules