Journal Article

Changes in contributions of different Anopheles vector species to malaria transmission in east and southern Africa from 2000 to 2022

Jumanne, Mohammed, Ngowo, Halfan S., Okumu, Fredros O., Wilson, Anne L., Urio, Naomi H., Selvaraj, Prashanth, Msugupakulya, Betwel J.

2023

Overview

Background Malaria transmission in Africa is facilitated by multiple species of Anopheles mosquitoes. These vectors have different behaviors and vectorial capacities and are affected differently by vector control interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. This review aimed to assess changes in the contribution of different vector species to malaria transmission in east and southern Africa over 20 years of widespread insecticide-based vector control. Methods We searched PubMed, Global Health, and Web of Science online databases for articles published between January 2000 and April 2023 that provided species-specific sporozoite rates for different malaria vectors in east and southern Africa. We extracted data on study characteristics, biting rates, sporozoite infection proportions, and entomological inoculation rates (EIR). Using EIR data, the proportional contribution of each species to malaria transmission was estimated. Results Studies conducted between 2000 and 2010 identified the Anopheles gambiae complex as the primary malaria vector, while studies conducted from 2011 to 2021 indicated the dominance of Anopheles funestus . From 2000 to 2010, in 57% of sites, An. gambiae demonstrated higher parasite infection prevalence than other Anopheles species. Anopheles gambiae also accounted for over 50% of EIR in 76% of the study sites. Conversely, from 2011 to 2021, An. funestus dominated with higher infection rates than other Anopheles in 58% of sites and a majority EIR contribution in 63% of sites. This trend coincided with a decline in overall EIR and the proportion of sporozoite-infected An. gambiae . The main vectors in the An. gambiae complex in the region were Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.), while the important member of the An. funestus group was An. funestus s.s. Conclusion The contribution of different vector species in malaria transmission has changed over the past 20 years. As the role of  An. gambiae has declined,  An. funestus now appears to be dominant in most settings in east and southern Africa. Other secondary vector species may play minor roles in specific localities. To improve malaria control in the region, vector control should be optimized to match these entomological trends, considering the different ecologies and behaviors of the dominant vector species. Graphical Abstract

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Anopheles / Anopheles arabiensis / Anopheles funestus / Anopheles gambiae / Aquatic insects / Biomedical and Life Sciences / Biomedicine / Case management / Citation management software / Data collection / Disease transmission / Dry season / East and southern Africa / Elimination of infectious diseases of poverty as a key contribution to achieving the SDGs / Entomological trends / Entomology / Estimates / Females / Global health / Human diseases / Identification and classification / Infections / Infectious Diseases / Inoculation / insecticide application / Insecticides / Insects as carriers of disease / Intervention / Malaria / Malaria transmission / mosquito vectors / Mosquitoes / Parasites / Parasitology / Public health / Review / Risk factors / Southern Africa / Species / sporozoites / Spraying / Statistics / Surveillance / Tropical Medicine / vector control / Vector-borne diseases / Vectors / Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science / Virology