Journal Article

Comprehensive evaluation of diabetes subtypes in a European cohort reveals stronger differences of lifestyle, education and psychosocial parameters compared to metabolic or inflammatory factors

Koppenhagen, Julia, Epe, Johannes, Schlicht, Kristina, Türk, Kathrin, Bang, Corinna, Hartmann, Katharina, Kruse, Lucy, Franke, Andre, Hollstein, Tim, Schulte, Dominik M., Laudes, Matthias, Kohestani, Ahmad Yusuf, Rohmann, Nathalie, Geisler, Corinna, Adam, Tanja

2025

Overview

Background The traditional binary classification of diabetes into Type 1 and Type 2 fails to capture the heterogeneity among diabetes patients. This study aims to identify and characterize diabetes subtypes within the German FoCus cohort, using the ANDIS cohort's classification framework, and to explore subtype-specific variations in metabolic markers, gut microbiota, lifestyle, social factors, and comorbidities. Methods We utilized data from 416 participants (208 with diabetes and 208 matched metabolically healthy controls) from the German FoCus cohort. Participants were classified into five subtypes: severe autoimmune diabetes (SAID)-like, severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD)-like, severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD)-like, mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD)-like, and mild age-related diabetes (MARD)-like. Comprehensive characterization included anthropometric measurements, dietary and physical activity questionnaires, blood biomarker analysis, and gut microbiota profiling. Results The subtype distribution in the FoCus cohort accounted to SAID-like: 2.84%, SIDD-like: 30.81%, SIRD-like: 32.23%, MOD-like: 17.54%, MARD-like: 16.59%. Of interest, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were similarly elevated across all subtypes compared to controls, indicating common aspects in Type 2 diabetes molecular pathology despite different clinical phenotypes. While the gut microbiota and dietary patterns only showed minor differences, smoking status, sleep duration, physical activity and psychological aspects varied significantly between the subtypes. In addition, we observed a lower educational status especially for SIDD-like and SIRD-like groups, which should be considered in establishing future diabetes-related patient education programs. In respect to the development of cardio-metabolic comorbidities, we observe not only significant differences in the presence of the diseases but also for their age-of onset, highlighting the need for early preventive intervention strategies. Conclusions The study validates the ANDIS classification framework's applicability not only at the time point of manifestation but also in cohorts with pre-existing diabetes. While we did not find major differences regarding the classical metabolic, microbial and nutritional parameters, we identified several significant associations with lifestyle factors. Our findings underscore the importance of personalized, subtype-specific therapies not solely focusing on anthropometric and laboratory markers but comprehensively addressing the patient’s own personality and situation of life.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Adaptation / Adult / Age / Aged / Angiology / Autoimmune diseases / Biomarkers / Biomarkers - blood / Body mass index / C-reactive protein / Cardiology / Cardiovascular disease / Case-Control Studies / Chronic illnesses / Classification / Comorbidity / Data collection / Diabetes / Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent) / Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - blood / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - classification / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - diagnosis / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - epidemiology / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - psychology / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - blood / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - classification / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diagnosis / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - psychology / Diabetes subtypes / Diet / Disease prevention / Education / Educational Status / Exercise / Female / Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Germany - epidemiology / Glucagon / Glucagon-like peptide 1 / Glucose / Gut microbiota / Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice / Humans / Inflammation / Inflammation Mediators - blood / Insulin / Insulin resistance / Interleukin 6 / Intestinal microflora / Life Style / Lifestyles / Male / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Metabolic syndrome / Metabolism / Microbiota / Middle Aged / Nutrition research / Patient Education as Topic / Phenotype / Phenotypes / Physical activity / Psychological aspects / Questionnaires / Risk Assessment / Risk Factors / Secondary disease risk / Severity of Illness Index / Social factors / Statistical analysis / Variables / Veganism