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Functional synergy of a human-specific and an ape-specific metabolic regulator in human neocortex development
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Functional synergy of a human-specific and an ape-specific metabolic regulator in human neocortex development
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Journal Article
Functional synergy of a human-specific and an ape-specific metabolic regulator in human neocortex development
2024
Overview
Metabolism has recently emerged as a major target of genes implicated in the evolutionary expansion of human neocortex. One such gene is the human-specific gene
ARHGAP11B
. During human neocortex development, ARHGAP11B increases the abundance of basal radial glia, key progenitors for neocortex expansion, by stimulating glutaminolysis (glutamine-to-glutamate-to-alpha-ketoglutarate) in mitochondria. Here we show that the ape-specific protein GLUD2 (glutamate dehydrogenase 2), which also operates in mitochondria and converts glutamate-to-αKG, enhances ARHGAP11B’s ability to increase basal radial glia abundance. ARHGAP11B + GLUD2 double-transgenic bRG show increased production of aspartate, a metabolite essential for cell proliferation, from glutamate via alpha-ketoglutarate and the TCA cycle. Hence, during human evolution, a human-specific gene exploited the existence of another gene that emerged during ape evolution, to increase, via concerted changes in metabolism, progenitor abundance and neocortex size.
Cell metabolism has emerged as a major factor implicated in human brain evolution. Here, the authors show that an ape-specific enzyme enhances the ability of a human-specific enzyme to increase glutaminolysis and therefore expand the size of the human neocortex.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
Subject
/ 14/19
/ 64/60
/ Animals
/ Citric Acid Cycle - genetics
/ Enzymes
/ Female
/ Glutamate Dehydrogenase - genetics
/ Glutamate Dehydrogenase - metabolism
/ GTPase-Activating Proteins - genetics
/ GTPase-Activating Proteins - metabolism
/ Humanities and Social Sciences
/ Humans
/ Ketoglutaric Acids - metabolism
/ Mice
/ Neocortex - growth & development
/ Science
