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Paediatric cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: nation-wide overview in the period 2000–2020
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Paediatric cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: nation-wide overview in the period 2000–2020
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Paediatric cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: nation-wide overview in the period 2000–2020
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Journal Article
Paediatric cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: nation-wide overview in the period 2000–2020
2025
Overview
Purpose
Cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is a rare but increasing infection in children worldwide. The purpose of this study was to analyse and evaluate all microbiologically proven cases of NTM lymphadenitis in children under the age 14 years in Slovenia.
Methods
Between 2000 and 2020, we retrospectively reviewed laboratory and medical records for basic demographic and microbiological data. Different clinical samples were collected in medical centres and regional hospitals from all over Slovenia.
Results
In the period before mandatory BCG vaccination was discontinued (2000–2005), we did not observe any case of paediatric NTM lymphadenitis. After discontinuation of non-selective BCG vaccination of new-borns (2006–2020), we identified 55 cases of microbiologically confirmed NTM lymphadenitis in BCG-unvaccinated children with median age 26.0 months (range: 15.0–75.0 months). Mean annual incidence of paediatric NTM lymphadenitis accounted for 1.26 (range: 0.35–2.38) per 100,000 children. The main causative agents were
Mycobacterium avium
(38/55; 69.1%) and
M. intracellulare
(9/55; 16.4%). We did not find any
M. chimaera
isolate. Since 2006, each year we microbiologically confirm sporadic cases of paediatric NTM lymphadenitis, a condition not diagnosed before.
Conclusions
After discontinuation of universal BCG vaccination in March 2005, first cases of paediatric NTM lymphadenitis appeared. Several possible reasons could be attributed to observed trend and further multinational observational studies are warranted to explore possible causal relationships.
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
Subject
/ Age
/ Child
/ Complications and side effects
/ Face
/ Female
/ Fistula
/ Humans
/ Infant
/ Lymphadenitis - epidemiology
/ Lymphadenitis - microbiology
/ Male
/ Medicine
/ Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - diagnosis
/ Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - epidemiology
/ Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - microbiology
/ Mycobacterium intracellulare
/ Neck
/ Non-tuberculous mycobacteria
/ Nontuberculous Mycobacteria - isolation & purification
/ Vaccines
