Journal Article

Association between general anesthesia for cesarean delivery and subsequent developmental disorders in children: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

Chen, Yi-Chen, Hung, Kuo-Chuan, Chen, Jen-Yin, Tan, Ping-Heng, Liang, Fu-Wen, Chang, Ying-Jen, Yu, Chia-Hung, Ho, Chung-Han

2025

Overview

Background Exposure to general anesthetics (GA) in early childhood is associated with developmental disorders. However, few studies have addressed in-utero exposure to anesthetics during delivery and subsequent developmental disorders in the offspring. This study aimed to investigate whether GA for cesarean delivery is associated with developmental disorders in children. Methods Using data retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database linked to the Birth Reporting Database and the Maternal and Child Health Database between 2015 and 2020, this nationwide retrospective cohort study compared the incidence of developmental disorders following cesarean delivery under GA with that under neuraxial anesthesia (NA). Developmental disorders were diagnosed using the corresponding International Classification of Diseases codes traced 2–6 years after delivery. Results After excluding twins, children born with congenital anomalies or diseases and those with missing data, 325,309 eligible singleton pregnancies delivered through cesarean section under either GA or NA were enrolled. Of the total, 6973 of them were delivered under GA and 318,336 under NA. After propensity score-based fine stratification weighting with a model including age, socioeconomic deprivation, gestational status, infant sex, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and cesarean delivery duration, children delivered under GA were associated with a higher risk of developmental disorders diagnosed within 2 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–1.28), 3 years (aOR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.04–1.21), and 4 years (aOR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.04–1.21) compared with those under NA. This association was no longer present when the confounding effect of Apgar scores was included in the propensity-score model. Conclusions GA for cesarean delivery may be associated with developmental disorders diagnosed within 2–4 years after birth manifested through poorer 1- and 5-min Apgar scores. There is no evidence of a direct relationship between GA-related neurotoxicity and subsequent developmental disorders.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Adult / Anesthesia / Anesthesia, General - adverse effects / Anesthetics / Apgar score / Apgar scores / Biomedicine / Birth defects / Birth weight / Cesarean section / Cesarean Section - adverse effects / Chi-square test / Child / Child psychopathology / Child, Preschool / Children / Codes / Cohort analysis / Comparative analysis / Complications and side effects / Confounding (Statistics) / Congenital anomalies / Congenital defects / Congenital diseases / Developmental disabilities / Developmental Disabilities - epidemiology / Developmental Disabilities - etiology / Developmental disorders / Diabetes / Disorders / Dosage and administration / Female / Fetuses / General anesthesia / Generalized linear models / Genetic disorders / Gestational age / Health aspects / Humans / Hypertension / Infant / Infant, Newborn / Intrauterine exposure / Length of stay / Low birth weight / Male / Medical research / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Medicine, Experimental / Missing data / National health insurance / Neurotoxicity / Observational studies / Offspring / Online databases / Physiology / Pregnancy / Prevention / Retrospective Studies / Risk factors / Socioeconomic factors / Systematic review / Taiwan - epidemiology