Journal Article

Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague–Dawley rats

Daud, Muhammad Fauzi, Lokanathan, Yogeswaran, Cheah, Yt Jun, Ismail, Ohnmar Htwe, Tan, Geok Chin, Athi Kumar, Ramesh Kumar, Mahadi, Mohd Kaisan, Yazid, Muhammad Da’in, Naicker, Amaramalar Selvi, Wong, Yin Ping, Idris, Jalilah, Ng, Min Hwei, Anjum, Anam

2022

Overview

Background Excitotoxicity-induced in vivo injury models are vital to reflect the pathophysiological features of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. The duration and concentration of chemical treatment controls the extent of neuronal cell damage. The extent of injury is explained in relation to locomotor and behavioural activity. Several SCI in vivo methods have been reported and studied extensively, particularly contusion, compression, and transection models. These models depict similar pathophysiology to that in humans but are extremely expensive (contusion) and require expertise (compression). Chemical excitotoxicity-induced SCI models are simple and easy while producing similar clinical manifestations. The kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model is a convenient, low-cost, and highly reproducible animal model of SCI in the laboratory. The basic impactor approximately cost between 10,000 and 20,000 USD, while the kainic acid only cost between 300 and 500 USD, which is quite cheap as compared to traditional SCI method. Methods In this study, 0.05 mM KA was administered at dose of 10 µL/100 g body weight, at a rate of 10 µL/min, to induce spinal injury by intra-spinal injection between the T12 and T13 thoracic vertebrae. In this protocol, detailed description of a dorsal laminectomy was explained to expose the spinal cord, following intra-spinal kainic acid administration at desired location. The dose, rate and technique to administer kainic acid were explained extensively to reflect a successful paraplegia and spinal cord injury in rats. The postoperative care and complication post injury of paraplegic laboratory animals were also explained, and necessary requirements to overcome these complications were also described to help researcher. Results This injury model produced impaired hind limb locomotor function with mild seizure. Hence this protocol will help researchers to induce spinal cord injury in laboratories at extremely low cost and also will help to determine the necessary supplies, methods for producing SCI in rats and treatments designed to mitigate post-injury impairment. Conclusions Kainic acid intra-spinal injection at the concentration of 0.05 mM, and rate 10 µL/min, is an effective method create spinal injury in rats, however more potent concentrations of kainic acid need to be studied in order to create severe spinal injuries.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,Sociedad de Biología de Chile,BMC
• Subject: Alcohol / Alzheimer's disease / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / Animal models / Animals / BIOLOGY / Biomedical and Life Sciences / Body weight / Cell Biology / Chemicals / Compression / Convulsions & seizures / Developmental Biology / Disabled persons / Disease Models, Animal / Excitotoxicity / Humans / Injuries / Intra-spinal injection / Iodine / Kainic acid / Kainic Acid - therapeutic use / Laboratory animals / Life Sciences / Locomotion / Microbiology / Mortality / Motor neuron / Neurodegeneration / Neurosciences / Neurotoxicity / Paralysis / Paraplegia / Paraplegia - complications / Parkinson's disease / Plant Sciences / Rats / Rats, Sprague-Dawley / Research Article / Seizures / Skin / Spinal Cord Injuries / Spinal cord injury (SCI) / Spinal Injuries - complications / Surgery / Surgical apparatus & instruments / Sutures / Thorax / Ventilators / Vertebrae