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Non-zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in Western Balkan
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Journal Article
Non-zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in Western Balkan
2025
Overview
Ixodid ticks are present throughout the Western Balkan countries, including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia, with many species serving as vectors for pathogens of both veterinary and medical importance. We have conducted a thorough examination of existing literature, encompassing historical documents, to collect information on all documented non-zoonotic tick-borne pathogens found in ticks, pets, farm animals and wild animals across the Western Balkan region. A comprehensive review was necessary due to the scarcity and scattered nature of available data from this area. The tick fauna in the Western Balkans consists of 32 species across five genera:
Ixodes
,
Haemaphysalis
,
Dermacentor
,
Rhipicephalus
and
Hyalomma
. Various pathogens responsible for diseases in animals, including bacteria and parasites, have also been documented, many of which can cause important diseases and significant reductions in animal productivity. Initial efforts were directed towards pathogen surveillance and the characterisation of non-zoonotic tick-borne pathogens, resulting in the identification of
Theileria orientalis
,
Anaplasma bovis
and
Anaplasma marginale
in cattle, although significant gaps remain in the current research. Studies on small ruminants have been sparse, with confirmed cases of
Anaplasma ovis
and
Babesia ovis
in sheep, but no comprehensive and systematic research on pathogens in goats. In contrast, research on canine piroplasms has identified several species, including
Babesia canis
and
Babesia vulpes
. Studies on wild animals, however, have predominantly focused on wild canines and carnivores, with limited attention given to non-zoonotic pathogens. Notably, only one study has reported non-zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in artiodactyl species and wild felids. This review is a much needed overview of existing research on non-zoonotic tick-borne diseases in the Western Balkans, including the historical context, current data and research gaps. Given the significant impact of these diseases on animal health and productivity, as well as their potential biodiversity, further comprehensive studies and the establishment of national surveillance systems for tick-borne diseases are essential for a better understanding and mitigation of their impact.
Graphical abstract
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
Subject
/ Animals
/ Animals, Domestic - parasitology
/ Animals, Wild - parasitology
/ Balkan Peninsula - epidemiology
/ Balkans
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Cattle
/ Croatia
/ Disease
/ dogs
/ farms
/ fauna
/ Felidae
/ Fever
/ Horses
/ Hyalomma
/ Hygiene
/ Identification and classification
/ Ixodes
/ Pets
/ Review
/ Serbia
/ Sheep
/ species
/ Tick Infestations - parasitology
/ Tick Infestations - veterinary
/ Tick-Borne Diseases - epidemiology
/ Tick-Borne Diseases - microbiology
/ Tick-Borne Diseases - parasitology
/ Tick-Borne Diseases - veterinary
/ Ticks
/ Vectors
/ Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science
/ Virology
/ Zoonoses
