Journal Article

Further variation of the adulticide protocol for the treatment of canine heartworm infection: can it be even shorter and cost less?

Jacobson, Linda Susan, Harrison, Kelly Ann, Ward, Karen Ann, Lacaden, Aveline Baldasan

2023

Overview

Background This retrospective study evaluated modified three-dose melarsomine treatment protocols in a shelter setting and compared them to the American Heartworm Society (AHS)-recommended protocol. Methods As compared with the AHS protocol, the shelter protocols utilized doxycycline 10 mg/kg once daily (SID) or twice daily (BID), and varied the time from initiation of doxycycline (day 1) to the first melarsomine injection (M1). Dogs were retrospectively grouped based on the shelter’s current protocol (M1 on day 14; Group A) and the AHS protocol (M1 on day 60; Group C), allowing a week on either side of the target M1 day. Treatments that fell outside these ranges formed two additional treatment groups (Groups B and D). Respiratory complications were defined as respiratory signs requiring additional treatment, and were statistically compared for Groups A and C. New respiratory signs and gastrointestinal (GI) signs were compared between dogs receiving SID or BID doxycycline. Results One hundred fifty-seven dogs with asymptomatic or mild heartworm disease at presentation were included. All dogs survived to discharge. There was no statistically significant difference between Groups A ( n  = 79) and C ( n  = 27) for new respiratory signs post-melarsomine ( P  = 0.73). The time to M1 for 14 dogs that developed new respiratory signs was a median of 19 days, compared with 22 days for 143 dogs without new respiratory signs ( P  = 0.2). Respiratory complications post-melarsomine were uncommon. New respiratory signs post-melarsomine occurred in 10/109 (9.2%) dogs receiving SID doxycycline and 4/48 (8.3%) dogs receiving BID doxycycline ( P  > 0.999). GI signs prior to M1 were recorded for 40/109 (36.7%) dogs receiving SID doxycycline and 25/48 (52.1%) receiving BID doxycycline ( P  = 0.08). Forty-four follow-up antigen test results were available; all tests performed > 3 months after the third melarsomine injection were negative. Conclusions This study provided support for initiating melarsomine after 14 days of doxycycline and for a lower doxycycline dose. Shorter and less expensive treatment protocols can increase lifesaving capacity and improve quality of life for shelter dogs by reducing the duration of exercise restriction and length of stay. Graphical Abstract

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Adulticide / adulticides / Animal welfare / Animals / Anthelmintics / Antibiotics / Antigens / Associations, institutions, etc / Biomedical and Life Sciences / Biomedicine / Canine heartworm disease / Comparative analysis / Complications / Dirofilaria immitis / Dirofilariasis - drug therapy / Dog Diseases - drug therapy / Dogs / Dosage and administration / Doxycycline / Doxycycline - therapeutic use / Drug therapy / Entomology / exercise / Filaricides - adverse effects / gastrointestinal system / Health aspects / Heart diseases / Heart failure / Heartworm / Heartworm Disease: Today’s Discoveries / heartworms / Infections / Infectious Diseases / Inflammation / Medical protocols / Melarsomine / Parasitology / Pesticides / Quality of Life / Retrospective Studies / Shelter / Shelters / Societies / Statistical analysis / Survival / Tomorrow’s Practice / Tropical Medicine / Veterinarians / Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science / Virology / Worms