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Journal Article
MATRILINEAL, a sperm-specific phospholipase, triggers maize haploid induction
2017
Overview
A frame-shift mutation in MATRILINEAL, a pollen-specific phospholipase, triggers haploid induction in maize, which may be useful in developing improved haploid induction systems for crop breeding.
Haploid induction in maize
Haploid inbred lines are a valuable tool for genetic research and the hybrid breeding of crop plants. Timothy Kelliher
et al
. now examine the genetic basis of haploid induction in maize, and find that a frame-shift mutation in
MATRILINEAL
, a pollen-specific phospholipase, triggers haploid induction in these lines. This finding may be useful for the development of improved haploid induction systems for crop breeding.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves double fertilization, the union of two sperm from pollen with two sex cells in the female embryo sac. Modern plant breeders increasingly seek to circumvent this process to produce doubled haploid individuals, which derive from the chromosome-doubled cells of the haploid gametophyte. Doubled haploid production fixes recombinant haploid genomes in inbred lines, shaving years off the breeding process
1
. Costly, genotype-dependent tissue culture methods are used in many crops
2
, while seed-based
in vivo
doubled haploid systems are rare in nature
3
and difficult to manage in breeding programmes
4
. The multi-billion-dollar maize hybrid seed business, however, is supported by industrial doubled haploid pipelines using intraspecific crosses to
in vivo
haploid inducer males derived from Stock 6, first reported in 1959 (ref.
5
), followed by colchicine treatment. Despite decades of use, the mode of action remains controversial
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
. Here we establish, through fine mapping, genome sequencing, genetic complementation, and gene editing, that haploid induction in maize (
Zea mays
) is triggered by a frame-shift mutation in
MATRILINEAL
(
MTL
), a pollen-specific phospholipase, and that novel edits in
MTL
lead to a 6.7% haploid induction rate (the percentage of haploid progeny versus total progeny). Wild-type MTL protein localizes exclusively to sperm cytoplasm, and pollen RNA-sequence profiling identifies a suite of pollen-specific genes overexpressed during haploid induction, some of which may mediate the formation of haploid seed
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
. These findings highlight the importance of male gamete cytoplasmic components to reproductive success and male genome transmittance. Given the conservation of
MTL
in the cereals, this discovery may enable development of
in vivo
haploid induction systems to accelerate breeding in crop plants.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
