Journal Article

Integrating status-neutral and targeted HIV testing in Zimbabwe: A complementary strategy

Chirenda, Joconiah, D. Mugauri, Hamufare, Takarinda, Kudakwashe, Tshimanga, Mufuta, Mugurungi, Owen, Mangwiro, Prosper

2025

Overview

Zimbabwe exclusively implemented targeted HIV testing until 2022 when Status-neutral testing was embraced. Whilst targeted testing aims to expand access and uptake of testing among high-risk individuals, status-neutral testing emphasizes post-test linkage to prevention and treatment services. To address how the two concepts relate in practice, we explored how status-neutral and targeted testing concepts correlate, in developing a double-edged strategy for effective case identification and linkage to prevention and treatment. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 36 multi-stage sampled sites across 4/10 provinces of Zimbabwe. A national screening algorithm was used to determine patient risk profiling and eligibility for testing. Screened-out patients were offered HIVST. Both screened and non-screened patients were tested and analysed for positivity ratios and linkage to post-test services. Epicollect5 was used to collect data and analysed using EpiData software and Stata. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted at a 5% significance level. Of 23,058 HIV tests done, females constituted 55% (n = 12,698), whilst 63.5% (n = 14,650) were retested. Through screening, at-risk patients contributed 75.1% to the overall positivity (1,296/1,727), from 66% (n = 15,289) of the total HIV tests conducted. All screened-out patients were non-reactive on HIVST: 1,182/1,182. The 45-49-year category was 3.6 times more likely to test positive (a95%CI:2.67,4.90). Males were 3.09 times more likely to test positive in adjusted analysis (a95%CI: 2.74, 3.49). First tests were 65% more likely to test HIV positive (a95%CI: 1.43, 1.91) whilst screened patients were 3.89 times more likely to link to HIV prevention services (a95%CI: 3.05, 4.97), against 25.5% (n = 1,871) linkage among patients not screened. The complementarity of the status-neutral and targeted testing approaches is evident from our results. By prioritizing high-risk individuals for testing and ensuring comprehensive linkage to both prevention and treatment services, these integrated strategies can effectively identify and manage people living with HIV. This combined approach optimizes resource use, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and contributes to improved health outcomes and reduced HIV transmission rates.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome / Adolescent / Adult / AIDS / Algorithms / Analysis / Biology and Life Sciences / Bivariate analysis / Care and treatment / Complementarity / Cross-Sectional Studies / Diagnosis / Disease prevention / Disease transmission / Epidemics / Female / HIV / HIV (Viruses) / HIV infection / HIV Infections - diagnosis / HIV Infections - epidemiology / HIV testing / HIV Testing - methods / Human immunodeficiency virus / Humans / Infections / Male / Mass Screening - methods / Medical tests / Medicine and Health Sciences / Methods / Middle Aged / Pandemics / Patient compliance / People and Places / Population / Prevention / Provinces / Risk / Sexually transmitted diseases / Strategy / Young Adult / Zimbabwe - epidemiology