Journal Article

Midlife and old-age cardiovascular risk factors, educational attainment, and cognition at 90-years – population-based study with 48-years of follow-up

Aaltonen, Sari, Urjansson, Mia, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Kaprio, Jaakko, Varjonen, Anni, Saari, Toni, Iso-Markku, Paula, Palviainen, Teemu

2025

Overview

We examined the associations of midlife and old-age cardiovascular risk factors, education, and midlife dementia risk scores with cognition at 90 + years, using data from a population-based study with 48 years of follow-up. Participants were 96 individuals aged 90–97 from the older Finnish Twin Cohort study. Individual cardiovascular risk factors assessed via questionnaires in 1975, 1981, 1990, and 2021–2023 included blood pressure, body mass index, physical activity, and cholesterol, and self-reported educational attainment. The Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia (CAIDE) score and an educational-occupational attainment score were used as midlife dementia risk scores. Cognitive assessments included semantic fluency, immediate and delayed recall from a 10-word list learning task, and a composite cognitive score. Regression analyses were conducted with dementia risk factors predicting cognition at 90 + years, adjusting for age, sex, education, follow-up time, and apolipoprotein E genotype (ε4-carrier vs non-carriers). Results showed that higher education and higher educational-occupational score were associated with better cognitive performance in all cognitive measures. Those with high midlife blood pressure scored significantly higher in all cognitive tests than those with normal blood pressure. Conversely, those with high old-age blood pressure scored lower in semantic fluency and composite cognitive score, but not in immediate or delayed recall. Other cardiovascular risk factors and the CAIDE score did not show consistent associations with cognition. Education appears to have a long-lasting protective effect in cognitive aging, whereas midlife and old-age cardiovascular risk factors were not significantly associated with cognition at 90 + years.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,PLOS,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Age / Aged / Aged, 80 and over / Aging / Apolipoprotein E / Apolipoproteins / Biology and Life Sciences / Blood Pressure / Body mass index / Body size / Cardiovascular disease / Cardiovascular diseases / Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology / Cholesterol / Cognition / Cognition & reasoning / Cognition - physiology / Cognition in old age / Cognitive ability / Cognitive tasks / Data collection / Dementia / Dementia - epidemiology / Dementia disorders / Demographic aspects / Education / Education, Higher / Educational Status / Evaluation / Exercise / Female / Finland - epidemiology / Follow-Up Studies / Genotypes / Health care / Health risks / Heart Disease Risk Factors / Humans / Hypertension / Interviews / Male / Medical research / Medicine and Health Sciences / Medicine, Experimental / Middle age / Middle Aged / Missing data / Physical activity / Physical Sciences / Population studies / Questionnaires / Recall / Regression analysis / Research and Analysis Methods / Risk Factors / Self report / Semantics / Twins / Type 2 diabetes / Variables